Examine individual changes

'@@ -1,1370 +1,335 @@ -{{short description|U.S. state}} -{{about|the U.S. state}} -{{pp-move}} -{{pp-pc}} -{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2019}}{{Use American English|date=February 2023}} -{{Infobox U.S. state -| name = Arizona -| official_name = State of Arizona -| image_flag = Flag of Arizona.svg -| flag_link = Flag of Arizona -| image_seal = Arizona state seal.svg -| image_map = Arizona in United States.svg -| nicknames = The [[Grand Canyon]] State;<ref>{{cite web|title=Grand canyon state|url=https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol/arizona/state-nickname-state-quarter/grand-canyon-state/|website=statesymbolusa|date=April 30, 2014 |access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213212050/https://statesymbolsusa.org/symbol/arizona/state-nickname-state-quarter/grand-canyon-state|url-status=live}}</ref>{{break}}The Copper State;<ref>{{cite web|title=Copper state|url=https://kjzz.org/content/1319966/qaz-where-did-copper-state-get-its-copper|website=kgj|date=November 25, 2019|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228062708/https://kjzz.org/content/1319966/qaz-where-did-copper-state-get-its-copper |url-status=live}}</ref>{{break}}The Valentine State<ref>{{cite web|title=Valentine state|url=https://november-project.com/the-valentine-state/|website=novemberproject|date=February 15, 2017|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228062700/https://november-project.com/the-valentine-state/|url-status=live}}</ref> -| motto = {{lang|la|[[Seal of Arizona|Ditat Deus]]}} ('God enriches') -| anthem = "[[State songs of Arizona#State Anthem|The Arizona March Song]]" and "[[State songs of Arizona#Alternate State Anthem|Arizona]]" -| population_demonym = [[Adjectivals and demonyms for U.S. states|Arizonan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arizona |title=Arizona{{snd}}Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-webster.com |date=April 25, 2007 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112113822/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/arizona |archive-date=January 12, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> -| OfficialLang = English -| Languages = As of 2010 -* English 74.1% -* Spanish 19.5% -* [[Navajo language|Navajo]] 1.9% -* Other 4.5% -| seat = [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] -| LargestCity = capital -| LargestCounty = [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]] -| LargestMetro = [[Phoenix metropolitan area|Phoenix]] -| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Katie Hobbs]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}} -| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Adrian Fontes]] (D)}} -| Lieutenant Governor_alt = Secretary of State -| Legislature = [[Arizona Legislature]] -| Upperhouse = [[Arizona Senate|Senate]] -| Lowerhouse = [[Arizona House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] -| Judiciary = [[Arizona Supreme Court]] -| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Kyrsten Sinema]] ([[Independent politician|I]])}}{{break}}{{nowrap|[[Mark Kelly]] (D)}} -| Representative = 6 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]]{{break}}3 Democrats -| TradAbbreviation = Ariz. -| postal_code = AZ -| area_rank = 6th -| area_total_km2 = 295,254 -| area_total_sq_mi = 113,998<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2010/geo/state-area.html | title=State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates }}</ref> -| area_water_percent = 0.35 -| population_rank = 14th -| 2020Pop = 7,151,502<ref name="Census2020">{{cite web |title=Change in Resident Population of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico: 1910 to 2020 |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426202412/https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/population-change-data-table.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> -| population_as_of = 2020 -| population_density_rank = 33rd -| 2020Density = 24 -| 2020DensityUS = 63 -| MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{round|61529|-2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AZ/INC110220|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts|access-date=April 30, 2022|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509225541/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/AZ/INC110220|url-status=live}}</ref> -| IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|28th]] -| Former = [[Arizona Territory]] -| AdmittanceOrder = 48th -| AdmittanceDate = {{start date and age|1912|02|14|mf=y}} -| timezone1 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]] -| utc_offset1 = −07:00 -| timezone1_DST = -| utc_offset1_DST = -| timezone1_location = [[Time in Arizona|Most of state]] -| timezone2 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]] -| utc_offset2 = −07:00 -| timezone2_DST = [[Mountain Daylight Time|MDT]] -| utc_offset2_DST = −06:00 -| timezone2_location = [[Navajo Nation]] -| Latitude = 31°20′ N to 37° N -| Longitude = 109°03′ W to 114°49′ W -| width_km = 500 -| width_mi = 310 -| length_km = 645 -| length_mi = 400 -| elevation_max_point = [[Humphreys Peak]]<ref>{{cite ngs |id=FQ0624 |designation=Frisco |access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{cite web |url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref>{{efn|name=NAVD88|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}} -| elevation_max_m = 3852 -| elevation_max_ft = 12,637 -| elevation_m = 1250 -| elevation_ft = 4,100 -| elevation_min_point = [[Colorado River]] at the {{nowrap|[[Mexico–United States border|Mexico border]]}}<ref name=USGS/>{{efn|name=NAVD88}} -| elevation_min_m = 22 -| elevation_min_ft = 72 -| iso_code = US-AZ -| website = https://az.gov/ -| Capital = -| Representatives = -}} - -'''Arizona''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ær|ᵻ|ˈ|z|oʊ|n|ə|audio=en-us-Arizona.ogg}} {{respell|ARR|ih|ZOH|nə}}; {{lang-nv|Hoozdo Hahoodzo}} {{IPA-nv|hoː˥z̥to˩ ha˩hoː˩tso˩|}};<ref>{{cite web |title=Arizona in Navajo |url=https://glosbe.com/en/nv/Arizona |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220145602/https://glosbe.com/en/nv/Arizona |archive-date=February 20, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2020 |work=Glosbe}}</ref> {{lang-ood|Alĭ ṣonak}} {{IPA-azc|ˈaɭi̥ ˈʂɔnak|}})<ref name="ood"/> is a landlocked [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Southwestern United States|Southwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. Arizona is part of the [[Four Corners]] region with [[Utah]] to the north, [[Colorado]] to the northeast, and [[New Mexico]] to the east; its other neighboring states are [[Nevada]] to the northwest, [[California]] to the west and the [[List of states of Mexico|Mexican states]] of [[Sonora]] and [[Baja California (state)|Baja California]] to the south and southwest. It is the [[list of U.S. states and territories by area|6th-largest]] and the [[list of U.S. states and territories by population|14th-most-populous]] of the 50 states. Its [[Capital city|capital]] and [[List of largest cities|largest city]] is [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. - -Arizona is the 48th state and last of the [[contiguous United States|contiguous states]] to be admitted to the Union, achieving statehood on February 14, 1912. Historically part of the territory of [[Alta California]] and [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México|Nuevo México]] in [[New Spain]], it became part of independent Mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the [[Mexican–American War]], Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848, where the area became part of the [[territory of New Mexico]]. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the [[Gadsden Purchase]]. - -[[Southern Arizona]] is known for its [[desert]] climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. [[Northern Arizona]] features forests of pine, [[Douglas fir]], and [[spruce]] trees; the [[Colorado Plateau]]; mountain ranges (such as the [[San Francisco Peaks|San Francisco Mountains]]); as well as large, deep [[canyon]]s, with much more moderate summer temperatures and significant winter snowfalls. There are [[skiing|ski resorts]] in the areas of [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]], [[Sunrise Park Resort|Sunrise]], and [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]. In addition to the internationally known [[Grand Canyon National Park]], which is one of the [[Seven Natural Wonders of the World|world's seven natural wonders]], there are several [[U.S. National Forest|national forests]], [[National parks (United States)|national parks]], and [[National monument (United States)|national monuments]]. - -Arizona's population and economy have grown dramatically since the 1950s because of inward migration, and the state is now a major hub of the [[Sun Belt]]. Cities such as Phoenix and Tucson have developed large, sprawling suburban areas. Many large companies, such as [[PetSmart]] and [[Circle K]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The 50 biggest companies in Arizona |url=https://azbigmedia.com/business/the-50-biggest-companies-in-arizona/ |website=AZBigMedia |access-date=24 January 2021 |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208190209/https://azbigmedia.com/business/the-50-biggest-companies-in-arizona/ |url-status=live}}</ref> have headquarters in the state, and Arizona is home to major universities, including the [[University of Arizona]] and [[Arizona State University]]. The state is known for a history of conservative politicians such as [[Barry Goldwater]] and [[John McCain]], though it has become a [[swing state]] since the 1990s. - -Arizona is home to a diverse population. About one-quarter of the state<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/usaweb/snapshot/Arizona.htm |title=All about Arizona |work=Sheppard Software |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120200111/http://sheppardsoftware.com/usaweb/snapshot/Arizona.htm |archive-date=November 20, 2017 |access-date=September 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Federally Recognized Tribes in Arizona |url=https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/programs/american-indian-relations/tribes-arizona |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926072816/https://statemuseum.arizona.edu/programs/american-indian-relations/tribes-arizona |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |access-date=September 26, 2021 |website=Arizona State Museum}}</ref> is made up of [[List of Indian reservations in Arizona|Indian reservations]] that serve as the home of [[indigenous peoples of Arizona#Tribal entities in Arizona|27 federally recognized Native American tribes]], including the [[Navajo Nation]], the largest in the state and the United States, with more than 300,000 citizens. Since the 1980s, the proportion of [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]] in the state's population has grown significantly owing to migration from Mexico. A substantial portion of the population are followers of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]. - -==Etymology== -The state's name appears to originate from an earlier Spanish name, {{lang|es|Arizonac}}, derived from the [[Tohono O'odham|O'odham]] name {{lang|ood|alĭ ṣonak}}, meaning {{gloss|small spring}}. Initially this term was applied by Spanish colonists only to an area near the [[silver mining]] camp of [[Planchas de Plata, Sonora]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bright |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA47 |title=Native American Place Names of the United States |publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]] |year=2004 |isbn=9780806135984 |location=Norman, OK |page=47}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitt |first1=E.O. |last2=Pearce |first2=T.M. |title=Arizona Place Name Records |journal=Western Folklore |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=284–287 |doi=10.2307/1496233 |year=1952 |jstor=1496233}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Harper |first=Douglas |title=Arizona |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Arizona |url-status=live |work=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]] |access-date=December 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728085024/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Arizona |archive-date=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McClintock |first=James |year=1916 |title=Arizona, Prehistoric, Aboriginal, Pioneer, Modern: The Nation's Youngest Commonwealth within a Land of Ancient Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/arizonaprehisto00unkngoog |location=Chicago |publisher=The S.J. Clarke Publishing Co. |access-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201224442/https://archive.org/details/arizonaprehisto00unkngoog |archive-date=February 1, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> To the European settlers, the O'odham pronunciation sounded like ''Arissona''.<ref name="AZC070211">{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Clay |date=February 25, 2007 |title=No, 'arid zone' not the basis of state's name |url=https://azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0211clay0211.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141229214323/http://www.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0211clay0211.html |archive-date=December 29, 2014 |access-date=March 14, 2023 |work=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref> The area is still known as {{lang|ood|alĭ ṣonak}} in the O'odham language.<ref name="ood">{{cite book |last1=Saxton |first1=Dean |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dOjZITU0N8AC |title=Dictionary: Tohono O'odham/Pima to English, English to Tohono O'odham/Pima |last2=Saxton |first2=Lucille |last3=Enos |first3=Susie |publisher=University of Arizona Press |year=1983 |isbn=9780816519422 |location=Tucson}}</ref> - -Another possible origin is the [[Basque language|Basque]] phrase {{lang|eu|haritz ona}} {{gloss|the good oak}}, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Clay |date=February 25, 2007 |title=A sorry state of affairs when views change |url=https://azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0225clay0225.html |url-status= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604113027/http://www.azcentral.com/news/columns/articles/0225clay0225.html |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |access-date=March 3, 2007 |work=[[The Arizona Republic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Jim |title=How Arizona Did NOT Get Its Name . . . |url=http://test.ahs.state.az.us/story/mar/az_name.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122746/http://test.ahs.state.az.us/story/mar/az_name.htm |archive-date=October 13, 2007 |access-date=March 3, 2007 |publisher=Arizona Historical Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Garate |first=Donald |year=2005 |title=Arizonac, a twentieth-century myth |journal=Journal of Arizona History |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=161–184 |jstor=41696897}}</ref> A native-born Mexican of Basque ancestry established the {{lang|es|[[ranchería]]}} {{gloss|mode=def|small rural settlement}} of Arizona between 1734 and 1736 in the current Mexican state of [[Sonora]]. It became notable after a significant discovery of silver there around 1737.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Meaning of Arizona |url=https://azlibrary.gov/collections/digital-arizona-library-dazl/arizona-almanac/meaning-arizona |publisher=Arizona State Library Archives & Public Records |work=Arizona Almanac |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716234501/https://azlibrary.gov/collections/digital-arizona-library-dazl/arizona-almanac/meaning-arizona |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> - -The misconception that the state's name purportedly originated from the Spanish term {{lang|es|Árida Zona}} {{gloss|Arid Zone}} is considered a case of [[folk etymology]].<ref name=AZC070211 /> - -==History== -{{main|History of Arizona}} -{{for timeline}} -For thousands of years before the modern era, Arizona was home to many ancient [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] civilizations. [[Hohokam]], [[Mogollon culture|Mogollon]], and [[Ancestral Puebloans|Ancestral Puebloan]] cultures were among those that flourished throughout the state. Many of their pueblos, cliffside dwellings, rock paintings and other prehistoric treasures have survived and attract thousands of tourists each year. {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} -[[File:La conquista del Colorado.jpg|thumb|left|''La conquista del Colorado'', by [[Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau]], depicts [[Francisco Vázquez de Coronado]]'s 1540–1542 expedition. [[García López de Cárdenas]] can be seen overlooking the [[Grand Canyon]].]] - -In 1539, [[Marcos de Niza]], a Spanish [[Franciscan]], became the first European to contact Native Americans. He explored parts of the present state and made contact with [[Native Americans in the United States|native]] inhabitants, probably the [[Sobaipuri]]. The expedition of Spanish explorer [[Francisco Vásquez de Coronado|Coronado]] entered the area in 1540–1542 during its search for [[Quivira and Cíbola|Cíbola]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Borrens |first=Lobby |title=Francisco Vázquez de Coronado expedition to arizona |url=https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado/ |url-status=live |website=History |access-date=December 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207060941/https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/francisco-vazquez-de-coronado |archive-date=December 7, 2021}}</ref> Few Spanish settlers migrated to Arizona. One of the first settlers in Arizona was [[José Romo de Vivar]].<ref name="Lainez and Torres">Martínez Laínez, Fernando and Canales Torres, Carlos. Banderas lejanas: La exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de España del Territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (in Spanish: Far flags. The exploration, conquest and defense by Spain of the Territory of the present United States). pp. 145–146. Fourth edition: September 2009.</ref> - -[[Eusebio Kino|Father Kino]] was the next European in the region. A member of the [[Society of Jesus]] ("[[Jesuits]]"), he led the development of a chain of missions in the region. He converted many of the Indians to Christianity in the [[Pimería Alta]] (now southern Arizona and northern [[Sonora]]) in the 1690s and early 18th century. Spain founded ''presidios'' ("fortified towns") at Tubac in 1752 and Tucson in 1775.<ref>{{cite web|title=Father Kino converted many Indians to christans|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/significance-of-missions.htm/|website=nps|access-date=December 10, 2021|archive-date=October 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019091931/https://www.nps.gov/articles/significance-of-missions.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> - -When Mexico achieved its independence from the [[Kingdom of Spain]] and its [[Spanish Empire]] in 1821, what is now Arizona became part of its Territory of ''Nueva California'', ("New California"), also known as ''[[Alta California]]'' ("Upper California").<ref>Timothy Anna et al., ''Historia de México''. Barcelona: Critica, 2001, p. 10.</ref> Descendants of ethnic Spanish and [[mestizo]] settlers from the colonial years still lived in the area at the time of the arrival of later European-American migrants from the United States. {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} - -[[File:Mexico 1824 (equirectangular projection).png|thumb|[[First Mexican Republic|Mexico]] in 1824. [[Alta California]] is the northwesternmost state.]] - -During the [[Mexican–American War]] (1847–1848), the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] occupied the national capital of [[Mexico City]] and pursued its claim to much of northern Mexico, including what later became [[Territory of Arizona (United States)|Arizona Territory]] in 1863 and later the State of Arizona in 1912.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States conqures arizona|url=https://www.history.com/topics/mexican-american-war/mexican-american-war/|last1=|first1=|website=history|access-date=December 10, 2021|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121223944/https://www.history.com/topics/mexican-american-war/mexican-american-war|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] (1848) specified that, in addition to language and cultural rights of the existing inhabitants of former Mexican citizens being considered as inviolable, the sum of $15{{spaces}}million in compensation ({{inflation|US|15000000|1848|fmt=eq|r=2}}) be paid to the Republic of Mexico.<ref>[[Mexican–American War]] as accessed on March 16, 2007, at 7:33 MST AM</ref> In 1853, the U.S. acquired the land south below the [[Gila River]] from Mexico in the [[Gadsden Purchase]] along the southern border area as encompassing the best future southern route for a transcontinental railway.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gadsden purchase|url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/gadsden-purchase/|last1=|first1=|website=historytoday|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228060057/https://www.historytoday.com/archive/gadsden-purchase|url-status=live}}</ref> - -What is now the state of Arizona was administered by the United States government as part of the [[Territory of New Mexico]] from 1850 until the southern part of that region seceded from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] to form the [[Confederate Arizona|Territory of Arizona]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://members.tripod.com/~azrebel/page9.html |title=Arizona Ordinance of secession presented by the Col. Sherod Hunter Camp 1525, SCV, Phoenix, Arizona |publisher=Members.tripod.com |date=July 23, 2007 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20061002100903/http://members.tripod.com/%7Eazrebel/page9.html |archive-date=October 2, 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This newly established territory was formally organized by the federal government of the [[Confederate States of America|Confederate States]] on Saturday, January 18, 1862, when [[President of the Confederate States of America|President]] [[Jefferson Davis]] approved and signed ''An Act to Organize the Territory of Arizona'',<ref>{{cite book |author=United States. Cong. Senate |date=1904 |orig-year=1st pub. Confederate States. Cong.: 1861–1862 |title=Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865. Volume I |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofcongres00conf#page/690/mode/2up |version=58th Cong. 2d sess. S. Doc. 234 |location=Washington |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |page=691 |lccn=05012700 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=August 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222035453/https://archive.org/stream/journalofcongres00conf#page/690/mode/2up |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> marking the first official use of the name "Territory of Arizona". The Southern territory supplied the Confederate government with men, horses, and equipment. Formed in 1862, [[Company A, Arizona Rangers|Arizona scout companies]] served with the [[Confederate States Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]. Arizona has the westernmost military engagement on record during the Civil War with the [[Battle of Picacho Pass]] (1862).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Picacho Peak |url=https://www.battlefields.org/learn/civil-war/battles/picacho-peak |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=American Battlefield Trust |language=en-US}}</ref> - -[[File:Apache chieff Geronimo (right) and his warriors in 1886.jpg|thumb|[[Geronimo]] (far right) and his [[Apache]] warriors fought against both Mexican and American settlers.]] - -The Federal government declared a new U.S. Arizona Territory, consisting of the western half of earlier New Mexico Territory, in [[Washington, D.C.]], on February 24, 1863.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bates |first=Al |title=Arizona becomes a territory |url=https://apnews.com/article/224920232a414a638efa0399ac68a269/ |url-status=live |website=AP News |date=April 14, 2019 |access-date=December 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331135306/https://apnews.com/article/224920232a414a638efa0399ac68a269/ |archive-date=March 31, 2022}}</ref> These new boundaries would later form the basis of the state. The first territorial capital, Prescott, was founded in 1864 following a gold rush to central Arizona.<ref>{{cite book|last=Henson|first=Pauline|title=Founding a Wilderness Capital, Prescott, A. T., 1864|date=1965|publisher=Northland Press|location=Flagstaff, AZ|pages=passim|lccn=65-17578}}</ref> The capital was later [[Arizona Territory capitals|moved to Tucson, back to Prescott, and then to its final location in Phoenix]] in a series of controversial moves as different regions of the territory gained and lost political influence with the growth and development of the territory.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Arroyo Rodriguez |first1=Nadine |title=Did You Know: Capital Of Arizona Moved 4 Times Before Settling In Phoenix |url=https://kjzz.org/content/49056/did-you-know-capital-arizona-moved-4-times-settling-phoenix |website=kjzz |access-date=January 9, 2019 |date=September 26, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114044843/https://kjzz.org/content/49056/did-you-know-capital-arizona-moved-4-times-settling-phoenix |archive-date=January 14, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -Although names including "Gadsonia", "Pimeria", "Montezuma" and "Arizuma" had been considered for the territory,<ref>{{cite web |title=Preserving Cultural and Historic Resources{{snd}}A Conservation Objective of the Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan |url=http://www.pima.gov/cmo/sdcp/Archives/reports/Cult.html |website=pima.gov |access-date=November 13, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703055719/http://www.pima.gov/cmo/sdcp/Archives/reports/Cult.html |archive-date=July 3, 2010 }}</ref> when 16th President [[Abraham Lincoln]] signed the final bill, it read "Arizona", and that name was adopted. ([[Montezuma (mythology)|Montezuma]] was not derived from the [[Aztec]] emperor, but was the sacred name of a divine hero to the [[Pima people]] of the [[Gila River Valley]]. It was probably considered{{snd}}and rejected{{snd}}for its sentimental value before Congress settled on the name "Arizona".) {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} - -[[Brigham Young]], leader of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] in [[Salt Lake City]] in [[Utah]], sent [[Mormons]] to Arizona in the mid- to late 19th century. They founded [[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]], [[Snowflake, Arizona|Snowflake]], [[Heber-Overgaard, Arizona|Heber]], [[Safford, Arizona|Safford]], and other towns. They also settled in the [[Phoenix Valley]] (or "Valley of the Sun"), [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]], and other areas. The Mormons settled what became [[northern Arizona]] and northern New Mexico. At the time these areas were in a part of the former [[New Mexico Territory]]. - -During the nineteenth century, a series of gold and silver rushes occurred in the territory, the best known being the 1870s stampede to the silver bonanzas of [[Tombstone, Arizona]] in southeast Arizona, also known for its legendary outlaws and lawmen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shillingberg |first1=William |title=Tombstone, A. T., A History of Early Mining, Milling and Mayhem |date=1999 |publisher=Arthur Clark |location=Spokane, WA |isbn=0870622730 |page=passim}}</ref> By the late 1880s, copper production eclipsed the precious metals with the rise of copper camps like [[Bisbee, Arizona]] and [[Jerome, Arizona]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bailey |first1=Lynn |title=Bisbee, Queen of the Copper Camps |date=2002 |publisher=Westernlore Press |location=Tucson|isbn=0870260588 |page=passim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Clements |first1=Eric |title=After the Boom in Tombstone and Jerome, Arizona |date=2003 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |location=Reno, NV |isbn=0874175712 |page=passim}}</ref> The boom and bust economy of mining also left hundreds of [[ghost towns]] across the territory, but copper mining continued to prosper with the territory producing more copper than any other state by 1907, which earned Arizona the nickname "the Copper State" at the time of statehood.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Varney |first1=Philip |title=Arizona Ghost Towns and Mining Camps |date=1994 |publisher=Arizona Highways, DOT |location=Phoenix|isbn=0916179443 |page=passim}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ascarza |first1=William |title=In Search of Fortunes, a Look at the History of Arizona Mining |date=2015 |publisher=M. T. Publishing |location=Evansville, IN|isbn=978-1938730696 |page=Passim}}</ref> During the first years of statehood the industry experienced growing pains and labor disputes with the [[Bisbee Deportation]] of 1917 the result of a copper miners' strike.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Byrkit |first1=James |title=Forging the Copper Collar, Arizona's Labor-Management War, 1901–1921 |date=1982 |publisher=University of Arizona Press |location=Tucson |isbn=08165-07457 |page=passim}}</ref> - -[[File:Children of migrant cotton field workers from Sweetwater, Oklahoma, 8b15324.jpg|thumb|Children of [[Great Depression|Depression]]-era migrant workers, Pinal County, 1937]] - -===20th century to present=== -During the [[Mexican Revolution]] from 1910 to 1920, several battles were fought in the Mexican towns just across the border from Arizona settlements. Throughout the revolution, many Arizonans enlisted in one of the several armies fighting in Mexico. Only two significant engagements took place on U.S. soil between U.S. and Mexican forces: [[Pancho Villa]]'s 1916 [[Battle of Columbus (1916)|Columbus Raid]] in New Mexico and the [[Battle of Ambos Nogales]] in 1918 in Arizona. - -After Mexican federal troops fired on U.S. soldiers, the American garrison launched an assault into [[Nogales, Sonora|Nogales, Mexico]]. The Mexicans eventually surrendered after both sides sustained heavy casualties. A few months earlier, just west of Nogales, an Indian War battle had occurred, considered the last engagement in the [[American Indian Wars]], which lasted from 1775 to 1918. U.S. soldiers stationed on the border confronted [[Yaqui Indians]] who were using Arizona as a base to raid the nearby Mexican settlements, as part of their wars against Mexico. {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} - -Arizona became a U.S. state on February 14, 1912, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]]. Arizona was the [[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union|48th state admitted]] to the U.S. and the last of the [[Contiguous United States|contiguous states]] to be admitted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona becomes a state|url=https://worldhistoryproject.org/1912/2/14/arizona-is-the-48th-state-admitted-to-the-union/|website=worldhistoryproject|access-date=October 20, 2021|archive-date=December 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231050219/https://worldhistoryproject.org/1912/2/14/arizona-is-the-48th-state-admitted-to-the-union/|url-status=live}}</ref> -[[File:Eleanor Roosevelt at Gila River, Arizona at Japanese-American Internment Center - NARA - 197094.jpg|thumb|[[Eleanor Roosevelt]] at the Gila River relocation center, April 23, 1943]] - -Cotton farming and copper mining, two of Arizona's most important statewide industries, suffered heavily during the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona economy during great depression|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arizona-state/Economy/|last1=tan|first1=bri|website=Britannica|access-date=December 20, 2021|archive-date=August 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831005620/https://www.britannica.com/place/Arizona-state/Economy|url-status=live}}</ref> But during the 1920s and even the 1930s, tourism began to develop as the important Arizonan industry it is today. Dude ranches, such as the K L Bar and Remuda in Wickenburg, along with the Flying V and Tanque Verde in Tucson, gave tourists the chance to take part in the flavor and activities of the "Old West". Several upscale hotels and resorts opened during this period, some of which are still top tourist draws. They include the [[Arizona Biltmore Hotel]] in central Phoenix (opened 1929) and the Wigwam Resort on the west side of the Phoenix area (opened 1936).<ref>{{cite web|title=Biltomore hotel history|url=https://www.arizonabiltmore.com/about/history/|website=arizonabiltmore|access-date=December 10, 2021|archive-date=December 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226040458/https://www.arizonabiltmore.com/about/history|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Wigman resort history|url=https://www.wigwamarizona.com/our-resort/our-history/|website=wigmanresort|access-date=December 10, 2021|archive-date=November 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104185840/https://www.wigwamarizona.com/our-resort/our-history|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Arizona was the site of German prisoner of war camps during World War{{spaces}}II and [[Internment of Japanese Americans|Japanese American internment camps]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona concentration camps|url=https://azlibrary.gov/dazl/learners/research-topics/japanese-american-relocation-and-internment-during-world-war-ii/|last1=Hobbs|first1=Katie|website=azliabary|access-date=December 20, 2021|archive-date=December 31, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231050228/https://azlibrary.gov/dazl/learners/research-topics/japanese-american-relocation-and-internment-during-world-war-ii/|url-status=live}}</ref> Because of wartime fears of a Japanese invasion of the [[West Coast of the United States|U.S. West Coast]] (which in fact materialized in the [[Aleutian Islands Campaign]] in June 1942), from 1942 to 1945, persons of Japanese descent were forced to reside in internment camps built in the interior of the country. Many lost their homes and businesses. The camps were abolished after World War{{spaces}}II.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona concentration camps shut down|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/chandler/2017/01/30/5-things-know-arizonas-world-war-ii-internment-camps/96965004/|last1=central|first1=AZ|website=azcentral|access-date=December 20, 2021|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509225535/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/chandler/2017/01/30/5-things-know-arizonas-world-war-ii-internment-camps/96965004/|url-status=live}}</ref> - -The Phoenix-area German P.O.W. site was purchased after the war by the [[Maytag]] family (of major [[home appliance]] fame). It was developed as the site of the [[Phoenix Zoo]]. A Japanese-American internment camp was on [[Mount Lemmon]], just outside the state's southeastern city of Tucson. Another [[POW camp]] was near the [[Gila River]] in eastern [[Yuma County, Arizona|Yuma County]]. Arizona was also home to the [[Steele Indian School Park|Phoenix Indian School]], one of several federal [[Indian boarding schools]] designed to assimilate Native American children into mainstream European-American culture. Children were often enrolled in these schools against the wishes of their parents and families. Attempts to suppress native identities included forcing the children to cut their hair, to take and use English names, to speak only English, and to practice Christianity rather than their native religions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/phoenix/ |title=Archaeology of the Phoenix Indian School |publisher=Archaeology.org |date=March 27, 1998 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091103142851/http://www.archaeology.org/online/features/phoenix/ |archive-date=November 3, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> - -Numerous Native Americans from Arizona fought for the United States during World War{{spaces}}II. Their experiences resulted in a rising activism in the postwar years to achieve better treatment and civil rights after their return to the state. After Maricopa County did not allow them to register to vote, in 1948 veteran Frank Harrison and Harry Austin, of the [[Mohave people|Mojave-Apache Tribe]] at [[Fort McDowell Indian Reservation]], brought a legal suit, ''[[Harrison and Austin v. Laveen]]'', to challenge this exclusion. The Arizona Supreme Court ruled in their favor.<ref name="HAvote">[http://az.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19480715_0040021.AZ.htm/qx ''Harrison v. Laveen'', July 1948] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817105341/http://az.findacase.com/research/wfrmDocViewer.aspx/xq/fac.19480715_0040021.AZ.htm/qx |date=August 17, 2016}}, Arizona Supreme Court</ref> - -Arizona's population grew tremendously with residential and business development after World War{{spaces}}II, aided by the widespread use of [[air conditioning]], which made the intensely hot summers more comfortable. According to the ''Arizona Blue Book'' (published by the [[Arizona Secretary of State]]'s office each year), the state population in 1910 was 294,353. By 1970, it was 1,752,122. The percentage growth each decade averaged about 20% in the earlier decades, and about 60% each decade thereafter. {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} - -In the 1960s, [[retirement communities]] were developed. These age-restricted subdivisions catered exclusively to the needs of senior citizens and attracted many retirees who wanted to escape the harsh winters of the [[Midwest]] and the [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]]. [[Sun City, Arizona|Sun City]], established by developer [[Del Webb]] and opened in 1960, was one of the first such communities. [[Green Valley, Arizona|Green Valley]], south of Tucson, was another such community, designed as a retirement subdivision for Arizona's teachers. Many senior citizens from across the United States and Canada come to Arizona each winter and stay only during the winter months; they are referred to as [[Snowbird (people)|snowbird]]s. {{Citation needed|date=June 2023}} - -In March 2000, Arizona was the site of the first legally binding election ever held over the internet to nominate a candidate for public office.<ref>[http://www.thegreenpapers.com/News/19991003-0.html "Arizona Democrats authorize Internet Voting for March 11 Advisory Primary"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106154155/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/News/19991003-0.html |date=November 6, 2010}}, The Green Papers</ref> In the 2000 Arizona Democratic Primary, under worldwide attention, [[Al Gore]] defeated [[Bill Bradley]]. Voter turnout in this state primary increased more than 500% over the 1996 primary. - -In the 21st century, Arizona has frequently garnered national attention for its efforts to quell illegal immigration into the state. In 2004, voters passed [[2004 Arizona Proposition 200|Proposition 200]], requiring proof of citizenship to register to vote. The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] struck this restriction down in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court strikes down Arizona voting law |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-strikes-down-arizona-voting-law/ |website=www.cbsnews.com |date=June 17, 2013 |access-date=7 February 2021 |archive-date=August 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811203519/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/supreme-court-strikes-down-arizona-voting-law/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Arizona enacted [[Arizona SB 1070|SB 1070]] which required all immigrants to carry immigration papers at all times, but the Supreme Court also invalidated parts of this law in ''[[Arizona v. United States]]'' in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona immigration law|url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/analysis-of-arizonas-immigration-law.aspx/|last1=ncsl|first1=ncsl|website=ncsl|access-date=January 26, 2022|archive-date=January 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120052551/https://www.ncsl.org/research/immigration/analysis-of-arizonas-immigration-law.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> - -On January 8, 2011, a [[2011 Tucson shooting|gunman shot]] congresswoman [[Gabby Giffords]] and 18 others at a gathering in Tucson. Giffords was critically wounded. The incident sparked national attention regarding incendiary political rhetoric.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hulse |first1=Carl |last2=Zernike |first2=Kate |title=Bloodshed Puts New Focus on Vitriol in Politics |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/us/politics/09capital.html |url-status=live |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 9, 2011 |access-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125024701/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/us/politics/09capital.html |archive-date=January 25, 2021}}</ref> - -Three ships named [[USS Arizona|USS ''Arizona'']] have been christened in honor of the state, although only [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'' (BB-39)]] was so named after statehood was achieved. - -==Geography== -{{main|Geography of Arizona}} -[[File:Arizona Köppen.svg|thumb|[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen climate types]] of Arizona]] -[[File:USA 09847 Grand Canyon Luca Galuzzi 2007.jpg|thumb|The [[Grand Canyon]]]] -Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the [[Four Corners]] states. Arizona is the sixth [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|largest state by area]], ranked after [[New Mexico]] and before [[Nevada]]. Of the state's {{convert|113998|sqmi|km2|-3}}, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and parkland, [[Arizona State Trust Land|state trust land]] and Native American reservations. There are 24 [[National Park Service]] maintained sites in Arizona, including the three national parks of [[Grand Canyon National Park]], [[Saguaro National Park]], and the [[Petrified Forest National Park]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Park Service – Arizona |url=https://www.nps.gov/state/az/index.htm |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=January 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215074837/https://www.nps.gov/state/az/index.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> - -Arizona is well known for its [[desert]] [[Basin and Range Province|Basin and Range]] region in the state's southern portions, which is rich in a [[landscape]] of [[xerophyte]] plants such as the [[cactus]]. This region's topography was shaped by prehistoric [[volcanism]], followed by the cooling-off and related [[subsidence]]. Its climate has exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. The state is less well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the [[Colorado Plateau]] (see [[Arizona Mountains forests]]). - -Like other states of the [[Southwestern United States|Southwest]] United States, Arizona is marked by high mountains, the Colorado plateau, and mesas. Despite the state's aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://azsf.az.gov/forestry-community-forestry/urban-community-forestry |title=Urban and Community Forestry Division |publisher=Arizona State Forestry Division |access-date=July 6, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213135/https://azsf.az.gov/forestry-community-forestry/urban-community-forestry |archive-date=July 14, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> a percentage comparable to modern-day Romania or Greece.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/288.html |title= The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=2020-04-18 |archive-date=April 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430054150/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/288.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The world's largest stand of [[ponderosa pine]] trees is in Arizona.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ncsu.edu/project/wildfire/Arizona/prescott/prescott.html |title=Prescott Overview |publisher=Ncsu.edu |date=May 15, 2002 |access-date=July 25, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118135417/http://www.ncsu.edu/project/wildfire/Arizona/prescott/prescott.html |archive-date=January 18, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -The [[Mogollon Rim]] ({{IPA|/ ˌmoʊ gəˈyoʊn /}}), a {{convert|1998|ft|adj=on}} [[escarpment]], cuts across the state's central section and marks the southwestern edge of the Colorado Plateau. In 2002, this was an area of the [[Rodeo–Chediski Fire]], the worst fire in state history until 2011. - -Located in northern Arizona, the [[Grand Canyon]] is a colorful, deep, steep-sided gorge, carved by the [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado River]]. The canyon is one of the [[Seven Natural Wonders of the World]] and is largely contained in the [[Grand Canyon National Park]]{{snd}}one of the first national parks in the United States. President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was a major proponent of designating the Grand Canyon area as a National Park, often visiting to hunt [[cougar|mountain lion]] and enjoy the scenery. The canyon was created by the Colorado River cutting a channel over millions of years, and is about {{convert|277|mi}} long, ranges in width from {{convert|4|to|18|mi|0}} and attains a depth of more than {{convert|1|mi}}. Nearly two{{spaces}}billion years of the [[Earth]]'s history have been exposed as the Colorado River and its tributaries cut through layer after layer of sediment as the Colorado Plateau uplifted. - -Arizona is home to one of the most well-preserved [[meteorite]] impact sites in the world. Created around 50,000 years ago, the Barringer Meteorite Crater (better known simply as "[[Meteor Crater]]") is a gigantic hole in the middle of the high plains of the Colorado Plateau, about {{convert|25|mi|km}} west of [[Winslow, Arizona|Winslow]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meteor Crater Arizona - World's Best Meteorite Impact Crater |url=https://www.meteorite.com/meteor-crater/#:~:text=Meteor%20Crater%20(Barringer%20Meteorite%20Crater,preserved%20impact%20crater%20on%20Earth. |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=www.meteorite.com |archive-date=September 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913041730/https://www.meteorite.com/meteor-crater/#:~:text=Meteor%20Crater%20(Barringer%20Meteorite%20Crater,preserved%20impact%20crater%20on%20Earth. |url-status=live }}</ref> A rim of smashed and jumbled boulders, some of them the size of small houses, rises {{convert|150|ft|m}} above the level of the surrounding plain. The crater itself is nearly a mile (1.6 kilometers) wide and {{convert|570|ft|m}} deep. - -Arizona is one of two U.S. states, along with Hawaii, that does not observe [[Daylight Saving Time]], though the large [[Navajo Nation]] in the state's northeastern region does.<gallery widths="200" heights="160" perrow="3"> -File:Sycamore Canyon (5416824896).jpg|[[Sycamore Canyon (Yavapai County, Arizona)|Sycamore Canyon]] -File:Lockett Meadow (29830270612).jpg|[[San Francisco Peaks]] -File:Mogollon Rim Panorama (37352744001).jpg|[[Mogollon Rim]] -File:Chiricahua Mountains (10-21-2019) (48952747716).jpg|[[Chiricahua Mountains]] -File:Saguaro Cactus near Tucson, Arizona LCCN2010630287.tif|[[Sonoran Desert]] -File:Barringer Meteor Crater, Arizona.jpg|[[Meteor Crater]] -</gallery> - -===Adjacent states=== -* [[Utah]] (north) -* [[Colorado]] (northeast) -* [[Nevada]] (northwest) -* [[Sonora|Sonora, Mexico]] (south) -* [[Baja California|Baja California, Mexico]] (southwest) -* [[New Mexico]] (east) -* [[California]] (west) - -==Climate== -{{further|Climate change in Arizona}} -Due to its large area and variations in elevation, the state has a wide variety of localized climate conditions. In the lower elevations the climate is primarily desert, with mild winters and extremely hot summers. Typically, from late fall to early spring, the weather is mild, averaging a minimum of {{convert|60|°F}}. November through February are the coldest months, with temperatures typically ranging from {{convert|40 to 75|°F}}, with occasional frosts.<ref name="wrcc">{{cite web |url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/ARIZONA.htm |title=Arizona Climate |date=December 7, 2001 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |publisher=Desert Research Institute, Western Regional Climate Center, Reno, Nevada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222180507/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/ARIZONA.htm |archive-date=December 22, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> - -About midway through February, the temperatures start to rise, with warm days, and cool, breezy nights. The summer months of June through September bring a dry heat from {{convert|90 to 120|°F}}, with occasional high temperatures exceeding {{convert|125|°F}} having been observed in the desert area.<ref name="wrcc" /> Arizona's all-time record high is {{convert|128|°F}} recorded at [[Lake Havasu City, Arizona|Lake Havasu City]] on June 29, 1994, and July 5, 2007; the all-time record low of {{convert|-40|°F}} was recorded at [[Hawley Lake, Arizona|Hawley Lake]] on January 7, 1971.<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate records az|url=https://yourcitybeat.com/arizona/|last1=beat|first1=your|website=nyourcitybeat|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228065039/https://yourcitybeat.com/arizona/|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Due to the primarily dry climate, large diurnal temperature variations occur in less-developed areas of the desert above {{convert|2500|feet|abbr=on}}. The swings can be as large as 83{{spaces}}°F (46{{spaces}}°C)<!--A temperature CHANGE of {{convert|83|°F|°C|abbr=on}} corresponds to a temperature CHANGE of 46{{nbs}}°C. Can't use {{convert|83|°F}}, as this is temperature change, different from a temperature of {{convert|83|°F|°C|abbr=on}}--> in the summer months. In the state's urban centers, the effects of [[Urban heat island|local warming]] result in much higher measured night-time lows than in the recent past. - -Arizona has an average annual rainfall of {{convert|12.7|in|mm|sigfig=3|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |author=Climate Assessment for the Southwest |title=The Climate of the Southwest |url=http://www.ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/CL1-99.html |url-status=dead |publisher=[[University of Arizona]] |date=December 1999 |access-date=March 21, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012202434/http://ispe.arizona.edu/climas/pubs/CL1-99.html |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}</ref> which comes during two rainy seasons, with [[cold front]]s coming from the Pacific Ocean during the winter and a [[North American Monsoon|monsoon]] in the summer.<ref name="USGShyd">{{cite web |author=[[United States Geological Survey]] |title=Hydrologic Conditions in Arizona During 1999–2004: A Historical Perspective |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3081/pdf/FS2005-3081WEB.pdf |url-status=live |date=September 2005 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104221230/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3081/pdf/FS2005-3081WEB.pdf |archive-date=November 4, 2011}}</ref> The monsoon season occurs toward the end of summer. In July or August, the [[dewpoint]] rises dramatically for a brief period. During this time, the air contains large amounts of [[water vapor]]. Dewpoints as high as 81{{spaces}}°F (27{{spaces}}°C)<ref name="Wunderground archive of PHX airport data">{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KPHX/2011/7/1/CustomHistory.html?dayend=31&monthend=8&yearend=2011&req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA|title=History for Phoenix, AZ|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=August 31, 2006|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807041749/http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/KPHX/2011/7/1/CustomHistory.html?dayend=31&monthend=8&yearend=2011&req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA|archive-date=August 7, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> have been recorded during the [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] monsoon season. This hot moisture brings [[lightning]], [[thunderstorm]]s, wind, and torrential, if usually brief, downpours. These downpours often cause [[flash flood]]s, which can turn deadly. In an attempt to deter drivers from crossing flooding streams, the [[Arizona Legislature]] enacted the [[Stupid Motorist Law]]. It is rare for [[tornado]]es or [[List of Arizona hurricanes|hurricanes]] to occur in Arizona. - -Arizona's northern third is a [[plateau]] at significantly higher altitudes than the lower desert, and has an appreciably cooler climate, with cold winters and mild summers, though the climate remains semiarid to arid. Extremely cold temperatures are not unknown; cold air systems from the northern states and Canada occasionally push into the state, bringing temperatures below {{convert|0|°F}} to the state's northern parts.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hedding |title=The Weather and Climate in Arizona: Too Hot to Handle? |url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/arizona-weather-facts-and-trivia-2677843 |website=TripSavvy |access-date=September 14, 2022 |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914021813/https://www.tripsavvy.com/arizona-weather-facts-and-trivia-2677843 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -Indicative of the variation in climate, Arizona is the state which has both the metropolitan area with the most days over {{convert|100|°F}} ([[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]), and the metropolitan area in the lower 48 states with the most days with a low temperature below freezing ([[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/min32temp.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011217185325/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/min32temp.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 17, 2001 |title=''Mean number of Days with Minimum Temperature Below 32F'' National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Retrieved March 24, 2007 |publisher=Lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov |date=August 20, 2008 |access-date=December 28, 2011}}</ref> - -{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;" -|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Arizona<ref name="Arizona climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=AZ&statename=Arizona-United-States-of-America|title=Arizona climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 11, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031549/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=AZ&statename=Arizona-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> -|- -!Location -!July (°F) -!July (°C) -!December (°F) -!December (°C) -|- -|[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] || 106/83 || 41/28 || 66/45 || 19/7 -|- -|[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] || 100/74 || 38/23 || 65/39 || 18/4 -|- -|[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] || 107/82 || 42/28 || 68/46 || 20/8 -|- -|[[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]] || 81/51 || 27/11 || 42/17 || 6/−8 -|- -|[[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] || 89/60 || 32/16 || 51/23 || 11/−5 -|- -|[[Kingman, Arizona|Kingman]] || 98/66 || 37/19 || 56/32 || 13/0 -|} - -===Cities and towns=== -{{See also|List of places in Arizona|List of cities and towns in Arizona|List of Arizona counties}} -{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} -[[File:Scottsdale cityscape4.jpg|thumb|right|View of suburban development in [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]], 2006]] - -[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], in [[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa County]], is Arizona's capital and largest city. Other prominent cities in the Phoenix metro area include [[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]] (Arizona's third largest city), [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] (Arizona's fourth largest city), [[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]], [[Peoria, Arizona|Peoria]], [[Buckeye, Arizona|Buckeye]], [[Sun City, Arizona|Sun City]], [[Sun City West, Arizona|Sun City West]], [[Fountain Hills, Arizona|Fountain Hills]], [[Surprise, Arizona|Surprise]], [[Gilbert, Arizona|Gilbert]], [[El Mirage, Arizona|El Mirage]], [[Avondale, Arizona|Avondale]], [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]], [[Tolleson, Arizona|Tolleson]] and [[Scottsdale, Arizona|Scottsdale]], with a total metropolitan population of just over 4.7{{spaces}}million.<ref>{{cite news |title=Phoenix Business Journal |date=September 2, 2011 |page=4}}</ref> The average high temperature in July, {{convert|106|°F|°C}}, is one of the highest of any metropolitan area in the United States, offset by an average January high temperature of {{convert|67|°F|°C}}, the basis of its winter appeal. - -[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]], with a metro population of just over one{{spaces}}million, is the state's second-largest city. Located in [[Pima County, Arizona|Pima County]], approximately {{convert|110|mi}} southeast of Phoenix, it was incorporated in 1877, making it the oldest incorporated city in Arizona. It is home to the [[University of Arizona]]. Major incorporated suburbs of Tucson include [[Oro Valley, Arizona|Oro Valley]] and [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]] northwest of the city, [[Sahuarita, Arizona|Sahuarita]] south of the city, and [[South Tucson, Arizona|South Tucson]] in an enclave south of downtown. It has an average July temperature of 100{{spaces}}°F (38{{spaces}}°C) and winter temperatures averaging 65{{spaces}}°F (18{{spaces}}°C). [[Saguaro National Park]], just west of the city in the [[Tucson Mountains]], is the site of the world's largest collection of [[Saguaro]] cacti. - -The [[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]] metropolitan area includes the cities of Prescott, [[Cottonwood, Arizona|Cottonwood]], [[Camp Verde, Arizona|Camp Verde]] and many other towns in the {{convert|8123|sqmi|km2|sigfig=3}} of [[Yavapai County]] area. With 212,635 residents, this cluster of towns is the state's third largest metropolitan area. The city of Prescott (population 41,528) lies approximately {{convert|100|mi}} northwest of the Phoenix metropolitan area. Situated in pine tree forests at an elevation of about {{convert|5500|ft}}, Prescott enjoys a much cooler climate than Phoenix, with average summer highs around {{convert|88|°F|°C}} and winter temperatures averaging {{convert|50|°F|°C}}. - -[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] is the center of the fourth-largest metropolitan area in Arizona. Located in [[Yuma County, Arizona|Yuma County]], it is near the borders of California and Mexico. It is one of the hottest cities in the United States, with an average July high of {{convert|107|F}}. (The same month's average in [[Death Valley]] is {{convert|115|F}}.) The city features sunny days about 90% of the year. The Yuma [[Metropolitan Statistical Area]] has a population of 160,000. Yuma attracts many winter visitors from all over the United States. - -[[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]], in [[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino County]], is the largest city in northern Arizona, and is at an elevation of nearly {{convert|7000|ft}}. With its large Ponderosa pine forests, snowy winter weather and picturesque mountains, it is a stark contrast to the desert regions typically associated with Arizona. It is sited at the base of the [[San Francisco Peaks]], the highest mountain range in the state of Arizona, which contains [[Humphreys Peak]], the highest point in Arizona at {{convert|12633|ft}}. Flagstaff has a strong tourism sector, due to its proximity to numerous tourist attractions including: [[Grand Canyon National Park]], [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]], and [[Oak Creek Canyon]]. Historic [[U.S. Route 66]] is the main east–west street in the town. The Flagstaff metropolitan area is home to 134,421 residents and the main campus of [[Northern Arizona University]]. - -[[Lake Havasu City, Arizona|Lake Havasu City]], in [[Mohave County, Arizona|Mohave County]], known as "Arizona's playground", was developed on the Colorado River and is named after Lake Havasu. Lake Havasu City has a population of about 57,000 people. It is famous for huge spring break parties, sunsets and the [[London Bridge]], relocated from London, England. Lake Havasu City was founded by real estate developer [[Robert P. McCulloch]] in 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lhcaz.gov/aboutUs.html |title=Welcome to Lake Havasu City |access-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823014835/http://lhcaz.gov/aboutUs.html |archive-date=August 23, 2015 |publisher=Lake Havasu City}}</ref> It has two colleges, [[Mohave Community College]] and ASU Colleges in Lake Havasu City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://havasu.asu.edu |title=ASU@Lake Havasu |publisher=Arizona Board of Regents |access-date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320191158/https://havasu.asu.edu/ |archive-date=March 20, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -{{Largest cities -| country = Arizona -| stat_ref = Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021 |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711040810/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html |url-status=live }}</ref> -| list_by_pop = -| div_name = -| div_link = Counties of Arizona{{!}}County -| city_1 = Phoenix, Arizona{{!}}Phoenix -| div_1 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_1 = 1,624,569 -| img_1 = Downtown Phoenix Aerial Looking Northeast.jpg -| city_2 = Tucson, Arizona{{!}}Tucson -| div_2 = Pima County, Arizona{{!}}Pima -| pop_2 = 543,242 -| img_2 = View of Tucson from Sentinel Peak 2.jpg -| city_3 = Mesa, Arizona{{!}}Mesa -| div_3 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_3 = 509,475 -| img_3 = Downtown_Mesa_Arizona.jpg -| city_4 = Chandler, Arizona{{!}}Chandler -| div_4 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_4 = 279,458 -| img_4 = Neighborhoods in the City of Chandler.jpg -| city_5 = Gilbert, Arizona{{!}}Gilbert -| div_5 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_5 = 273,136 -| img_5 = -| city_6 = Glendale, Arizona{{!}}Glendale -| div_6 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_6 = 249,630 -| img_6 = -| city_7 = Scottsdale, Arizona{{!}}Scottsdale -| div_7 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_7 = 242,753 -| img_7 = -| city_8 = Peoria, Arizona{{!}}Peoria -| div_8 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_8 = 194,917 -| img_8 = -| city_9 = Tempe, Arizona{{!}}Tempe -| div_9 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_9 = 184,118 -| img_9 = -| city_10 = Surprise, Arizona{{!}}Surprise -| div_10 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_10 = 149,191 -| img_10 = -| city_11 = Goodyear, Arizona{{!}}Goodyear -| div_11 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_11 = 101,733 -| img_11 = -| city_12 = Buckeye, Arizona{{!}}Buckeye -| div_12 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_12 = 101,315 -| img_12 = -| city_13 = Yuma, Arizona{{!}}Yuma -| div_13 = Yuma County, Arizona{{!}}Yuma -| pop_13 = 97,093 -| img_13 = -| city_14 = Avondale, Arizona{{!}}Avondale -| div_14 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| pop_14 = 90,564 -| img_14 = -| city_15 = Flagstaff, Arizona{{!}}Flagstaff -| div_15 = Coconino County, Arizona{{!}}Coconino -| pop_15 = 76,989 -| img_15 = -| city_16 = Queen Creek, Arizona{{!}}Queen Creek -| div_16 = Maricopa County, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa / Pinal -| pop_16 = 66,346 -| img_16 = -| city_17 = Maricopa, Arizona{{!}}Maricopa -| div_17 = Pinal County, Arizona{{!}}Pinal -| pop_17 = 62,720 -| img_17 = -| city_18 = Lake Havasu City, Arizona{{!}}Lake Havasu City -| div_18 = Mohave County, Arizona{{!}}Mohave -| pop_18 = 58,284 -| img_18 = -| city_19 = Casa Grande, Arizona{{!}}Casa Grande -| div_19 = Pinal County, Arizona{{!}}Pinal -| pop_19 = 57,699 -| img_19 = -| city_20 = Marana, Arizona{{!}}Marana -| div_20 = Pima County, Arizona{{!}}Pima -| pop_20 = 54,895 -| img_20 = -}} - -==Demographics== -{{Main|Demographics of Arizona}} -{{gallery -|height=250px -|File:Arizona population map.png|A population density map of Arizona -|File:Arizona counties by race.svg|Map of counties in Arizona by racial plurality, per the 2020 U.S. census {{Collapsible list| title=Legend | - -'''Non-Hispanic White''' - -{{legend|#dd7e6b|40–50%}} - -{{legend|#cc4125|50–60%}} - -{{legend|#a61c00|60–70%}} - -{{legend|#85200c|70–80%}} - -'''Native American''' - -{{legend|#b6d7a8|40–50%}} - -{{legend|#38761d|70–80%}} - -'''Hispanic or Latino''' - -{{legend|#45818e|60–70%}} - -{{legend|#0c343d|80–90%}} - -}} -|File:Extension spanish arizona.png|Extent of the Spanish language in the state of Arizona}} - -{{US Census population -|1860= 6482 -|1870= 9658 -|1880= 40440 -|1890= 88243 -|1900= 122931 -|1910= 204354 -|1920= 334162 -|1930= 435573 -|1940= 499261 -|1950= 749587 -|1960= 1302161 -|1970= 1770900 -|1980= 2718215 -|1990= 3665228 -|2000= 5130632 -|2010= 6392017 -|2020= 7151502 -|estimate=7431344 -|estyear=2023 -|align-fn=center -|footnote=Sources: 1910–2020<ref name="Census2010">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html|url-status=dead|title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020)|archive-date=April 29, 2021|website=Census.gov}}</ref>{{break}}''Note that early censuses{{break}}may not include{{break}}Native Americans in Arizona'' -<br/>2023<ref name="QF">{{cite web|title=QuickFacts: Arizona|website=United States Census Bureau|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/AZ|access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref> -}} - -The [[United States Census Bureau]] records Arizona's population as 7,151,502 in the 2020 census,<ref name="Census2020"/> a 12% increase since the [[2010 United States Census|2010 United States census]].<ref name="Census2010"/> - -Arizona remained sparsely settled for most of the 19th century.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34807/Arizona Arizona (state, United States)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226165141/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34807/Arizona |date=February 26, 2010 }}. ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Online.</ref> The 1860 census reported the population of "Arizona County" to be 6,482, of whom 4,040 were listed as "Indians", 21 as "free colored", and 2,421 as "white".<ref>"[https://www.phoenixacandheating.com/arizona-race-and-hispanic-origin/ Arizona{{snd}}Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990.]" ([[PDF]]). U.S. Census Bureau. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063255/https://www.phoenixacandheating.com/arizona-race-and-hispanic-origin/ |date=February 9, 2018 }}.</ref><ref>[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab17.pdf Census.gov Arizona{{snd}}Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112102601/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/tab17.pdf |date=January 12, 2012 }} <!--Does not include population, only race percents which were right before (match up if divide each out of total 6,482). I couldn't find support for the 6,482 population for 1860.--></ref> Arizona's continued [[population growth]] puts an enormous stress on the state's water supply.<ref>"[https://azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/0309vip-udall0309.html Arizona at a crossroads over water and growth]". ''[[The Arizona Republic]]''. March 9, 2008.</ref> {{as of|2011}}, 61% of Arizona's children under age one belonged to racial groups of color.<!-- Do not put "racial and ethnic". Hispanic is a race AND ethnicity. --><ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age one now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref> - -The population of metropolitan Phoenix increased by 45% from 1991 through 2001, helping to make Arizona the second fastest-growing state in the U.S. in the 1990s (the fastest was [[Nevada]]).<ref>"[https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t3/tab05.txt Ranking Tables for Metropolitan Areas: 1990 and 2000] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719123746/https://www.census.gov/population/cen2000/phc-t3/tab05.txt |date=July 19, 2018 }}." ''[[United States Census Bureau]]''. April 2, 2001. Retrieved on July 8, 2006.</ref> {{as of|2018|July}}, the population of the Phoenix area is estimated to be over 4.9{{spaces}}million. - -According to the 2010 United States census, Arizona had a population of 6,392,017. In 2010, [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]] constituted an estimated 8% of the population. This was the second highest percentage of any state in the U.S.<ref>{{cite news | first=Peter | last=Slevin | title=New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2010/04/29/GR2010042904397.html | newspaper=Washington Post | location=Washington, DC | page=A4 | date=April 30, 2010 | access-date=December 28, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131065900/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2010/04/29/GR2010042904397.html | archive-date=January 31, 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref>{{efn|second to Nevada with 9% in 2010}} - -Metropolitan Phoenix (4.7{{spaces}}million) and Tucson (1.0{{spaces}}million) are home to about five-sixths of Arizona's people (as of the 2010 census). Metro Phoenix alone accounts for two-thirds of the state's population. - -According to [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development|HUD]]'s 2022 [[Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress|Annual Homeless Assessment Report]], there were an estimated 13,553 [[Homelessness|homeless]] people in Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2007-2022 PIT Counts by State |url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314020239/https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huduser.gov%2Fportal%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fxls%2F2007-2022-PIT-Counts-by-State.xlsx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress |url=https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-date=March 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230311234217/https://www.huduser.gov/portal/sites/default/files/pdf/2022-AHAR-Part-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> - -In 2018, The top countries of origin for Arizona's immigrants were [[Mexico]], [[Canada]], [[India]], the [[Philippines]] and [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/immigrants_in_arizona.pdf|title=Immigrants in Arizona}}</ref> - -===Race and ethnicity=== -{{See also|Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona|Indigenous peoples of Arizona}} -{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"; text-align:right; font-size:80%;" -|+ style="font-size:90%" |Ethnic composition as of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]] -|- -! Race and ethnicity<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |title=Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=August 12, 2021 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=2021-09-26 |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815165418/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |url-status=live}}</ref> -! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Alone -! colspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Total -|- -| [[Non-Hispanic or Latino whites|White (non-Hispanic)]] -|align=right| {{bartable|53.4|%|2||background:gray}} -|align=right| {{bartable|56.8|%|2||background:gray}} -|- -| [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latino]]{{efn|Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.}} -|align=right| {{bartable}} -|align=right| {{bartable|30.7|%|2||background:green}} -|- -| [[African Americans|African American (non-Hispanic)]] -|align=right| {{bartable|4.4|%|2||background:mediumblue}} -|align=right| {{bartable|5.5|%|2||background:mediumblue}} -|- -| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American (non-Hispanic)]] -|align=right| {{bartable|3.7|%|2||background:gold}} -|align=right| {{bartable|4.9|%|2||background:gold}} -|- -| [[Asian Americans|Asian]] -|align=right| {{bartable|3.5|%|2||background:purple}} -|align=right| {{bartable|4.5|%|2||background:purple}} -|- -| [[Pacific Islander Americans|Pacific Islander]] -|align=right| {{bartable|0.2|%|2||background:pink}} -|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:pink}} -|- -| Other -|align=right| {{bartable|0.4|%|2||background:brown}} -|align=right| {{bartable|1.2|%|2||background:brown}} -|} - -{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;" -|+ Historical racial demographics<!--Additional data needed--> -|- -! Racial composition !! 1970<ref name="census"/>!! 1990<ref name="census">[https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224151538/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html |date=December 24, 2014 }}{{break}}"[http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf Table 17. Arizona{{snd}}Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514005030/http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf |date=May 14, 2015}}". (PDF)</ref> !! 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/state/AZ|title=Population of Arizona{{snd}}Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts{{snd}}CensusViewer|website=censusviewer.com|access-date=January 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126103300/http://censusviewer.com/state/AZ|archive-date=January 26, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=2010 Census Data|access-date=February 18, 2018|archive-date=May 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522200920/https://census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|url-status=live}}</ref>!! 2020<ref name="2020DP1">{{Cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?g=040XX00US04 |title=Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2020 Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Arizona |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 2, 2024}}</ref> -|- -| [[White American|White]] (non-Hispanic) || 74.3% || 71.7% || 63.8% || 57.8% || 53.4% -|- -| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] (non-Hispanic) || 5.4% || 5.6% || 5.0% || 4.6% || 3.7% -|- -| [[African American|Black]] (non-Hispanic) || - || - || - || 4.1% || 4.4% -|- -| [[Asian American|Asian]] || - || - || - || 2.8% || 3.6% -|- -| [[Native Hawaiian]] and{{break}}[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || - || – || – || 0.2% || 0.2% -|- -| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || - || - || - || 11.6% || 12.6% -|- -| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || – || - || 3.4% || 13.9% -|} -Arizona's five largest ancestry groups, {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, were:<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizonas demographics that equal 100 but most of it is under 3. also updated!|url=https://namecensus.com/ancestry/state/arizona/|last1=Cenuseas ancetry|first1=United states of america|website=namecensus|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228074538/https://namecensus.com/ancestry/state/arizona/|url-status=live}}</ref> -# [[English American|English]] (58%) -# [[African Americans|African]] (12%) -# [[German American|German]] (9%) -# [[Asian American|Asian]] (7%) -# [[Irish American|Irish]] (7%) - -===Languages=== -{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center" -|+ '''Top 10 non-English languages spoken in Arizona''' -|- -! Language !! Percentage of population{{break}}{{small|(as of 2010)}}<ref name="MLA Data"/> -|- -| Spanish || 21% -|- -| [[Navajo language|Navajo]] || 2% -|- -| [[German language|German]] || <1% -|- -| [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (including [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]) || <1% -|- -| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] || <1% -|- -| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] || <1% -|- -| [[Indigenous languages of North America|Other North American indigenous languages]] (especially [[indigenous languages of Arizona]]) || <1% -|- -| [[French language|French]] || <1% -|- -| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || <1% -|- -| [[Apache language|Apache]] || <1% -|- -| [[Korean language|Korean]] || <1% -|} -[[File:Navajo Cowboy-1.jpg|thumb|right|A Navajo man on horseback in [[Monument Valley]]]] - -{{as of|2010}}, 73% (4,215,749) of Arizona residents age five and older spoke only English at home, while 21% (1,202,638) spoke Spanish, 2% (85,602) [[Navajo language|Navajo]], <1% (22,592) German, <1% (22,426) [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (which includes [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]), <1% (19,015) [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], <1% (17,603) Vietnamese, <1% (15,707) [[Indigenous languages of North America|Other North American Indigenous Languages]] (especially [[indigenous languages of Arizona]]), and French was spoken as a [[main language]] by <1% (15,062) of the population over the age of five. In total, 27% (1,567,548) of Arizona's population age five and older spoke a [[mother language]] other than English.<ref name="MLA Data">{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data|title=Arizona|publisher=[[Modern Language Association]]|access-date=October 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http://www.mla.org/map_data|archive-date=December 1, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Arizona is home to the largest number of speakers of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American languages]] in the 48 contiguous states, as more than 85,000 individuals reported speaking [[Navajo language|Navajo]],<ref name="mla2005">2005 American Community Survey. Retrieved from [http://www.mla.org/map_data the data of the MLA] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071201170638/http://www.mla.org/map_data |date=December 1, 2007}}, July 13, 2010</ref> and 10,403 people reported [[Western Apache language|Apache]], as a language spoken at home in 2005.<ref name="mla2005"/> Arizona's [[Apache County, Arizona|Apache County]] has the highest concentration of speakers of Native American Indian languages in the United States.<ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/12/11/Arizona-has-most-Indian-language-speakers/UPI-82861323650994/#ixzz1gM3HQRxc Arizona has most Indian language speakers] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212172719/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/12/11/Arizona-has-most-Indian-language-speakers/UPI-82861323650994/#ixzz1gM3HQRxc |date=December 12, 2011}}. upi.com Accessed December 12, 2011.</ref> - -===Religion=== -[[File:Exterior of the Mission Xavier del Bac.jpg|thumb|The Spanish mission of [[Mission San Xavier del Bac|San Xavier del Bac]], founded in 1700]] -{{Pie chart -| thumb = right -| caption = Religious self-identification, per [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2022 ''American Values Survey''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=American Values Atlas: Religious Tradition in Arizona |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-AZ |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2022/States/religion/m/US-AZ |url-status=live }}</ref> -| label1 = [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] -| value1 = 32 -| color1 = Blue -| label2 = [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholicism]] -| value2 = 24 -| color2 = Purple -| label3 = [[Mormonism]] -| value3 = 6 -| color3 = Teal -| label4 = [[Jehovah's Witnesses|Jehovah's Witness]] -| value4 = 1 -| color4 = lightblue -| label5 = [[Irreligion in the United States|Unaffiliated]] -| value5 = 31 -| color5 = White -| label6 = [[American Jews|Judaism]] -| value6 = 2 -| color6 = Pink -| label7 = [[New Age]] -| value7 = 1 -| color7 = Red -| label8 = Other -| value8 = 3 -| color8 = Black -}} - -The 2010 U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study by [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]] reported that the three largest denominational groups in Arizona were the Catholic Church, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints and non-denominational Evangelical Protestants. The Catholic Church had the highest number of adherents in Arizona (at 930,001), followed by [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] with 392,918 members reported and then non-denominational Evangelical Protestant churches, reporting 281,105 adherents. The religious body with the largest number of congregations is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (with 811 congregations) followed by the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] (with 323 congregations).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/04/rcms2010_04_state_name_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State membership Report |website=www.Thearda.com |access-date=November 7, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207053103/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/04/rcms2010_04_state_name_2010.asp |archive-date=December 7, 2014 |url-status=live}} For 2010, it uses data in the 2010 U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study produced by the [[Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies]] (ASARB) which depends on reporting by the religious bodies.</ref> This census accounted for about 2.4 million of Arizona's 6.4 million residents in 2010. - -According to the study, the fifteen largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 and 2000 were:<ref name=ARDA1>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/04/rcms2010_04_state_adh_2010.asp |publisher=Association of Religion Data Archives |title=Arizona{{snd}}Religious Traditions, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170439/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/04/rcms2010_04_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/04_2000_Adherents.asp |publisher=Association of Religion Data Archives |title=Arizona{{snd}}Religious Traditions, 2010 |access-date=August 2, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170802165529/http://www.thearda.com/mapsReports/reports/state/04_2000_Adherents.asp |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> -{| class="wikitable" -|- -! Religion -! 2010 population -! 2000 population -|- -| Unclaimed<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010.asp?U=04&T=state&Y=2010&S=Name | title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; Maps & Reports | access-date=August 10, 2022 | archive-date=August 10, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810074028/https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/rcms2010.asp?U=04&T=state&Y=2010&S=Name | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/unclaimed.asp | title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; Maps and Reports &#124; Reports &#124; Denomination Listing: Unclaimed | access-date=August 10, 2022 | archive-date=August 10, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810074028/https://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/unclaimed.asp | url-status=live }}</ref> -| 4,012,089 -|- -| [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] -| 930,001 -| 974,884 -|- -| [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] -| 410,263 -| 251,974 -|- -| [[Nondenominational Christianity|Non-denominational Christianity]] -| 281,105 -| 63,885{{efn|In 2000, this designation was broken into two groups: Independent, Non-Charismatic Churches (34,130 adherents) and Independent, Charismatic Churches (29,755 adherents)}} -|- -| [[Southern Baptist Convention]] -| 126,830 -| 138,516 -|- -| [[Assemblies of God]] -| 123,713 -| 82,802 -|- -| [[United Methodist Church]] -| 54,977 -| 53,232 -|- -| [[Christian Churches and Churches of Christ]] -| 48,386 -| 33,162 -|- -| [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] -| 42,944 -| 69,393 -|- -| [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]] -| 26,322 -| 24,977 -|- -| [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)]] -| 26,078 -| 33,554 -|- -| [[Episcopal Church (United States)]] -| 24,853 -| 31,104 -|- -| [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] -| 20,924 -| 11,513 -|- -| [[Church of the Nazarene]] -| 16,991 -| 18,143 -|- -| [[Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ]] -| 14,350 -| 0 -|- -| [[Churches of Christ]] -| 14,151 -| 14,471 -|} - -Hinduism became the largest non-Christian religion (when combining all denominations) in 2010 with more than 32,000 adherents, followed by Judaism with more than 20,000 and Buddhism with more than 19,000.<ref name=ARDA1 /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-hindus-grew-second-largest-faith-arizona-delaware-n139401 |work=NBC News |title=How Hindus Grew into Second-Largest Faith in Arizona & Delaware |date=June 24, 2014 |access-date=August 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124053/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/how-hindus-grew-second-largest-faith-arizona-delaware-n139401 |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rcms2010.org/press_release/ACP%2020120501.pdf |publisher=Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies |title=U.S. Religion Census 2010: Summary Findings |date=May 1, 2012 |access-date=August 2, 2017 |page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201140842/http://www.rcms2010.org/press_release/ACP%2020120501.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> - -By the publication of the [[Public Religion Research Institute]]'s 2020 study, 68% of the population identified as Christian.<ref>{{cite web |title=PRRI – American Values Atlas |url=https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-AZ |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=ava.prri.org |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#religious/2020/States/religion/m/US-AZ |url-status=live }}</ref> At the Pew Research Center's 2014 study, 67% of Arizona was Christian.<ref>{{cite web |title=Religious Landscape Study |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/ |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US |archive-date=April 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401080239/https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/religious-landscape-study/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Among the irreligious population from 2014 to 2020 per both studies, they have decreased from 27% of the population to 24% of self-identified irreligious or agnostic Arizonans. Additionally, a third separate study by the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020 determined Christianity as the dominant religion in the state, with Catholics numbering 1,522,410 adherents and non-denominational Christians increasing to 402,842 Arizonan Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maps and data files for 2020 {{!}} U.S. Religion Census {{!}} Religious Statistics & Demographics |url=https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=www.usreligioncensus.org |archive-date=January 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115001940/https://www.usreligioncensus.org/index.php/node/1639 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -==Economy== -{{see also|Economy of Arizona|Arizona locations by per capita income}} -[[File:Barringer Crater aerial photo by USGS.jpg|thumb|Arizona's [[Meteor Crater]] is a tourist attraction.]] -The 2020 total [[gross state product]] was $373{{spaces}}billion. The composition of the state's economy is moderately diverse, although health care, transportation and the government remain the largest sectors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona gross production|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AZNGSP/|last1=Research|first1=Economy|website=stlouisfed|date=January 1997|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216143907/https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/AZNGSP|url-status=live}}</ref> - -The state's per capita income is $40,828, ranking 39th in the U.S. The state had a [[median household income]] of $50,448, making it 22nd in the country and just below the U.S. national mean.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf|title=News Release|access-date=December 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921200544/http://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/regional/spi/2010/pdf/spi0310.pdf|archive-date=September 21, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Early in its history, Arizona's economy relied on the "five C's": copper (see ''[[Copper mining in Arizona]]''), cotton, cattle, [[citrus]], and [[climate]] (tourism). Copper is still extensively mined from many expansive open-pit and underground mines, accounting for two-thirds of the nation's output. - -===Employment=== -* Total employment (2016): 2,379,409 -* Total employer establishments (2016): 139,134<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/AZ |title=QuickFacts Arizona |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109142226/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/AZ |archive-date=November 9, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -The state government is Arizona's largest employer, while [[Banner Health]] is the state's largest private employer, with more than 39,000 employees (2016). {{As of|August 2020}}, the state's unemployment rate was 5.9%.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.az.htm |title=Arizona Economy at a Glance |publisher=Bls.gov |access-date=October 28, 2020 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024111702/https://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.az.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> - -The largest employment sectors in Arizona are (August 2020, Nonfarm Employment):<ref name=":0"/> -{|class="wikitable sortable" -|- -! Sector !! Employees -|- -|Trade, transportation, and utilities || 553,300 -|- -|Education and health services || 459,400 -|- -|Government || 430,400 -|- -|Professional and business services|| 419,200 -|- -|Leisure and hospitality || 269,400 -|- -|Financial activities || 231,900 -|- -|Manufacturing || 170,900 -|- -|Construction || 169,900 -|- -|Other services || 95,600 -|- -|Information || 46,100 -|- -|Mining and logging || 13,300 -|} -{{Infobox region symbols|country=United States -|state = Arizona -|image_flag = Flag of Arizona.svg -|image_seal = File:Arizona state seal.svg -|amphibian = [[Mountain tree frog|Arizona tree frog]] -|bird = [[Cactus wren]] -|butterfly = [[Papilio multicaudata|Two-tailed swallowtail]] -|fish = [[Apache trout]] -|flower = [[Saguaro|Saguaro cactus blossom]] -|mammal = [[Ringtail]] -|reptile = [[Crotalus willardi|Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake]] -|tree = [[Parkinsonia florida|Palo verde]] -|colors = Blue, [[old gold]] -|firearm = [[Colt Single Action Army|Colt Single Action Army revolver]] -|fossil = [[Petrified wood]] -|gemstone = [[Turquoise]] -|mineral = [[Copper]] -|rock = [[Petrified wood]] -|dinosaur = [[Sonorasaurus]] -|ship = [[USS Arizona|USS ''Arizona'']] -|slogan = ''The [[Grand Canyon]] State'' -|soil= -|image_route = Arizona 87.svg -|image_quarter = 2008 AZ Proof.png -|quarter_release_date = 2008 -}} - -===Largest employers=== -According to ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'', the largest private employers in the state {{as of|2019|lc=y}} were:<ref>[https://www.azcentral.com/pages/interactives/news/local/arizona-data/arizona-republic-100-largest-companies-hiring-in-phoenix-arizona/ "Arizona Republic 100: State's biggest employers"] {{dead link|date=July 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. ''The Arizona Republic''.</ref> - -{| class="wikitable" -|- -! Rank -! Company -! Employees -! Industry -|- -| 1 -| [[Banner Health]] -| 44,718 -| [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|- -| 2 -| [[Walmart|Walmart Stores, Inc.]] -| 34,071 -| [[Discount retailer]] -|- -| 3 -| [[Kroger|Kroger Co.]] -| 20,530 -| [[Grocery store]]s -|- -| 4 -| [[Wells Fargo|Wells Fargo & Co.]] -| 16,161 -| [[Financial services]] -|- -| 5 -| [[Albertsons Inc.]] -| 14,500 -| [[Grocery store]]s, [[retail]] [[Pharmacy|drugstores]] -|- -| 6 -| [[McDonald's|McDonald's Corp.]] -| 13,000 -| [[Food service]] -|- -| 7 -| [[CVS Caremark|CVS Health]] -| 12,100 -| [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|- -| 8 -| [[Raytheon|Raytheon Co.]] -| 12,000 -| [[Defense industry|Defense]] -|- -| 9 -| HonorHealth -| 11,919 -| [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|- -| 10 -| [[Dignity Health]] -| 10,562 -| [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|- -| 11 -| [[Intel Corp.]] -| 10,400 -| [[Semiconductor manufacturing]] -|- -| 12 -| [[The Home Depot|Home Depot Inc.]] -| 10,200 -| [[Retail]] [[home improvement]] -|- -| rowspan=2|13 (tie) -| [[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan Chase & Co.]] -| 10,000 -| [[Financial services]] -|- -| [[American Airlines]] -| 10,000 -| [[Airline]] -|- -| 15 -| [[Tenet Healthcare]] -| 9,483 -| [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|- -| 16 -| [[Bank of America|Bank of America Corp.]] -| 9,200 -| [[Financial services]] -|- -| 17 -| [[Freeport-McMoRan|Freeport-McMoRan Copper & Gold Inc.]] -| 8,759 -| [[Mining]] -|- -| 18 -| [[Bashas' Supermarkets]] -| 8,519 -| [[Grocery store]]s -|- -| 19 -| [[Amazon.com]] -| 8,500 -| [[Online Shopping]] -|- -| 20 -| [[Target Corporation|Target Corp.]] -| 8,400 -| [[Discount retailer]] -|- -| 21 -| [[Honeywell|Honeywell International Inc.]] -| 7,792 -| [[Aerospace manufacturing]] -|- -| 22 -| [[Circle K|Circle K Corp.]] -| 7,478 -| [[Convenience store]]s -|- -| 23 -| [[Mayo Foundation]] -| 7,436 -| | [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|- -| 24 -| [[State Farm]] -| 7,200 -| [[Insurance]] -|- -| 25 -| [[UnitedHealthcare]] -| 7,194 -| | [[Health care industry|Healthcare]] -|} - -=== Agriculture === -[[File:NRCSAZ02010 - Arizona (303)(NRCS Photo Gallery).tif|thumb|[[Romaine lettuce|Romaine]], [[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]]]] -Multiple crops are grown in Arizona, including [[leaf lettuce|lettuce]], [[spinach]], [[cantaloupe]], [[broccoli]], [[cauliflower]], [[cabbage]], and [[watermelon]].<ref name="quick-stats">{{cite web | access-date=2022-06-29 | website=USDA, [[National Agricultural Statistics Service]] | title=USDA/NASS 2021 State Agriculture Overview for Arizona | url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=ARIZONA | archive-date=July 5, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705160855/https://www.nass.usda.gov/Quick_Stats/Ag_Overview/stateOverview.php?state=ARIZONA | url-status=live }}</ref> - -Federal [[crop insurance]] is available for {{visible anchor|Grape|Grapes|grape|grapes|text=grape}} (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'' and other ''[[Vitis]]'' spp.) here.<ref name="Federal-insurance-gr" /> Together with [[California grape|California's crop]] it falls under special provisions of the relevant crop insurance statutes.<ref name="Federal-insurance-gr" /> [[Insect pest of grape|Insect pests]] and [[Disease of grape|diseases]] are [[crop insurance coverage|covered]], excluding Phylloxera (''[[Daktulosphaira vitifoliae]]'') or failure to correctly [[Control of insects|apply insect control]] or [[application of pesticide|apply disease control]].<ref name="Federal-insurance-gr">{{cite web |title=7 CFR § 457.138 - Grape crop insurance provisions |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/457.138 |website=[[Legal Information Institute]] (LII) |date=July 25, 2016 |access-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005153242/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/7/457.138 |url-status=live }}</ref> - -The whitefly [[Bemisia tabaci B|''Bemisia tabaci'' B]] was introduced through the [[poinsettia]] trade in the 1980s, displacing the previous [[Bemisia tabaci A|A biotype]].<ref name="White-Fly" /> In 2004 the [[Bemisia tabaci Q|Q biotype]] (from the Mediterranean) was first found here, also on poinsettia.<ref name="White-Fly"> -{{Unbulleted list citebundle - |{{*}} {{cite journal | date=2011 | issue=1 | volume=49 | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | journal=[[Annual Review of Phytopathology]] | issn=0066-4286 | last1=Navas-Castillo | first1=Jesús | last2=Fiallo-Olivé | first2=Elvira | last3=Sánchez-Campos | first3=Sonia | title=Emerging Virus Diseases Transmitted by Whiteflies | doi=10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095235 | pages=219–248| pmid=21568700}} - |{{*}} {{cite newsletter | url-status=dead | access-date=2022-08-01 | archive-date=2006-09-09 | date=2006-09-09 | publisher=[[Michigan State University]] | title=First New World Report of Q Biotype of ''Bemisia tabaci'' (Gennadius) Reveals High Levels of Resistance to Insecticides | journal=Resistant Pest Management Newsletter | url=https://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/vol.15_no.2/globe/Dennehy_etal.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909214445/https://whalonlab.msu.edu/rpmnews/vol.15_no.2/globe/Dennehy_etal.htm | last1=Dennehy | first1=T. J. | first2=B. | last2=DeGain | first3=G. | last3=Harpold | first4=J. K. | last4=Brown | first5=F. | last5=Byrne | first6=S. | last6=Morin | first7=R. | last7=Nichols}} - |{{*}} {{cite journal | year=2006 | publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]] | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | issn=0028-0836 | volume=443 | issue=7114 | last=Dalton | first=Rex | title=The Christmas Invasion | doi=10.1038/443898a | pages=898–900| pmid=17066003 | s2cid=11918900| doi-access=free }} - }} -</ref> - -The {{visible anchor|Colorado Potato Beetle|Leptinotarsa decemlineata}} (''[[Leptinotarsa decemlineata]]'') is either native or an early [[introduced species|introduction]] here.<ref name="L-dec" /> Unusually, the population here commonly feeds on {{visible anchor|Silverleaf Nightshade|Solanum elaeagnifolium}} (''[[Solanum elaeagnifolium]]''), which is usually a less attractive host for this beetle.<ref name="L-dec" /> The CPB is an occasional pest of tomato.<ref name="L-dec"> -{{Unbulleted list citebundle - |{{*}} {{cite journal | issue=1 | volume=5 | date=2011 | publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing|Blackwell]] | last1=Hufbauer | first1=Ruth A. | last2=Facon | first2=Benoît | last3=Ravigné | first3=Virginie | last4=Turgeon | first4=Julie | last5=Foucaud | first5=Julien | last6=Lee | first6=Carol E. | last7=Rey | first7=Olivier | last8=Estoup | first8=Arnaud | title=Anthropogenically induced adaptation to invade (AIAI): contemporary adaptation to human-altered habitats within the native range can promote invasions | journal=Evolutionary Applications | issn=1752-4571 | pages=89–101 | doi=10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00211.x | pmid=25568032 | pmc=3353334 | s2cid=18005520}} - |{{*}} {{cite journal | issue=1 | volume=35 | publisher=[[Annual Reviews (publisher)|Annual Reviews]] | year=1990 | journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]] | issn=0066-4170 | last=Hare | first=J. Daniel | title=Ecology and Management of the Colorado Potato Beetle | doi=10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000501 | pages=81–100 | s2cid=83991465}} - |{{*}} {{cite conference | issue=3 | volume=24 | publisher=[[Wiley Publishing|Wiley]] ([[Netherlands Entomological Society]]) | year=1978 | journal=Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata | issn=0013-8703 | conference=Proceedings of the Fourth Insect/Host Plant Symposium | last=Hsiao | first=T. H. | title=Host plant adaptations among geographic populations of the Colorado potato beetle | doi=10.1111/j.1570-7458.1978.tb02804.x | pages=437–447 | s2cid=84910076| doi-access=free }} - }} -</ref> - -==Transportation== -{{Main|Transportation in Arizona}} -[[File:Entering Arizona on I-10 Westbound.jpg|thumb|right|Entering Arizona on [[Interstate 10 in Arizona|I-10]] from [[New Mexico]]]] - -===Highways=== -====Interstate highways==== -{{jct|state=AZ|I|8}} | {{jct|state=AZ|I|10}} | {{jct|state=AZ|Future|11}} | {{jct|state=AZ|I|15}} | {{jct|country=USA|I|17}} | {{jct|country=USA|I|19}} | {{jct|state=AZ|I|40}} - -====U.S. routes==== -{{jct|state=AZ|US|60}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|64}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US-Hist|66}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|70}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US-Hist|80}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|89}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|89A}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|91}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|93}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|95}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|160}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|163}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|180}} | {{jct|state=AZ|US|191}} - -Main Interstate routes include I-17, and I-19 traveling north–south, I-8, I-10, and I-40, traveling east–west, and a short stretch of I-15 traveling northeast–southwest through the extreme northwestern corner of the state. In addition, the various urban areas are served by complex networks of [[List of Arizona State Routes|state routes]] and highways, such as the [[Arizona State Route 101|Loop 101]], which is part of Phoenix's vast [[Metropolitan Phoenix Freeways|freeway system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizonas Interstate Highways|url=https://azdot.gov/adot-blog/numbering-arizonas-highways/|website=azdot|access-date=March 5, 2014|archive-date=December 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231090246/https://azdot.gov/adot-blog/numbering-arizonas-highways|url-status=live}}</ref> - -===Public transportation, Amtrak, and intercity bus=== -{{see also|List of passenger train stations in Arizona}} -The Phoenix and Tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and Flagstaff also have public bus systems. [[Greyhound Lines]] serves Phoenix, Tucson, Flagstaff, Yuma, and several smaller communities statewide. - -A [[light rail]] system, called [[Valley Metro Rail]], was completed in December 2008; it connects Central Phoenix with the nearby cities of Mesa and Tempe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Valley metro rail opens|url=https://www.valleymetro.org/about/agency/fact-sheets-brochures/fact-sheets/rail-system-fact-sheet/|last1=Metro|first1=Valley|website=ValleyMetro|date=May 19, 2021|access-date=January 31, 2022|archive-date=February 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207061330/https://www.valleymetro.org/about/agency/fact-sheets-brochures/fact-sheets/rail-system-fact-sheet|url-status=live}}</ref> - -In Tucson, the [[Sun Link]] streetcar system travels through the downtown area, connecting the main [[University of Arizona]] campus with Mercado San Agustin on the western edge of downtown Tucson. Sun Link, loosely based on the [[Portland Streetcar]], launched in July 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_tuc_2006-05b.htm |title=Tucson: Streetcar Plan Wins With 60% of Vote |publisher=Lightrailnow.org |access-date=December 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104135221/http://www.lightrailnow.org/news/n_tuc_2006-05b.htm |archive-date=January 4, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> - -[[Amtrak]] ''[[Southwest Chief]]'' route serves the northern part of the state, stopping at [[Winslow (Amtrak station)|Winslow]], [[Flagstaff (Amtrak station)|Flagstaff]], [[Williams Junction (Amtrak station)|Williams]] and [[Kingman (Amtrak station)|Kingman]]. The ''[[Texas Eagle]]'' and ''[[Sunset Limited]]'' routes serve South-Central Arizona, stopping at [[Tucson (Amtrak station)|Tucson]], [[Maricopa (Amtrak station)|Maricopa]], [[Yuma (Amtrak station)|Yuma]] and [[Benson (Amtrak station)|Benson]]. Phoenix lost Amtrak service in 1996 with the rerouting of the ''Sunset Limited'', and now an Amtrak bus runs between Phoenix and the station in Maricopa. As of 2021, Amtrak has proposed to restore rail service between Phoenix and Tucson.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cortez |first1=Alexis |title=Amtrak plan would include stations in Queen Creek, Phoenix, Tempe, Goodyear |url=https://www.azfamily.com/news/amtrak-plan-would-include-stations-in-queen-creek-phoenix-tempe-goodyear/article_ecc2cb40-f093-11eb-b5e8-7f421173dd39.html |website=azfamily.com |access-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-date=August 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812190325/https://www.azfamily.com/news/amtrak-plan-would-include-stations-in-queen-creek-phoenix-tempe-goodyear/article_ecc2cb40-f093-11eb-b5e8-7f421173dd39.html |url-status=live}}</ref> - -==Law and government== -{{main|Government of Arizona}} -{{see also|Arizona Constitution|United States congressional delegations from Arizona|List of Arizona Governors|Political party strength in Arizona|Arizona Revised Statutes}} -{{More citations needed section|date=February 2021}} - -===Capitol complex=== -[[File:Azcap.jpg|thumb|The original [[Arizona State Capitol]] in [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]]] -The capital of Arizona is [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. The original [[Arizona State Capitol|Capitol building]], with its distinctive copper dome, was dedicated in 1901 (construction was completed for $136,000 in 1900) when the area was a territory. Phoenix became the official state capital with Arizona's admission to the union in 1912.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizona government|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/1901-1938-historic-grounds-and-capitol-architecture-arizona-capitol-museum/YAKyrAcSohxbLA?hl=en/|website=artsandculture|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228075203/https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/1901-1938-historic-grounds-and-capitol-architecture-arizona-capitol-museum/YAKyrAcSohxbLA?hl=en%2F|url-status=live}}</ref> - -The [[Arizona House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and [[Arizona Senate|Senate]] buildings were dedicated in 1960, and an Executive Office Building was dedicated in 1974 (the ninth floor of this building is where the Office of the Governor is located). The original Capitol building was converted into a museum. - -The Capitol complex is fronted and highlighted by the richly landscaped [[Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza]], named after [[Wesley Bolin]], a governor who died in office in the 1970s. The site also includes many monuments and memorials, including the anchor and signal mast from the [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']] (one of the U.S. Navy ships [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|sunk in Pearl Harbor]]) and a granite version of the [[Ten Commandments]]. - -===State legislative branch=== -The [[Arizona Legislature]] is [[bicameral]] and consists of a thirty-member Senate and a 60-member House of Representatives. Each of the thirty legislative districts has one senator and two representatives. Legislators are elected for two-year terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Senators & Representatives {{!}} Citizens Clean Elections Commission |url=https://www.azcleanelections.gov/how-government-works/arizona-state-senators-and-representatives |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.azcleanelections.gov |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109035801/https://www.azcleanelections.gov/how-government-works/arizona-state-senators-and-representatives |url-status=live }}</ref> - -Each Legislature covers a two-year period. The first session following the general election is known as the first regular session, and the session convening in the second year is known as the second regular session. Each regular session begins on the second Monday in January and adjourns ''sine die'' (terminates for the year) no later than Saturday of the week in which the 100th day from the beginning of the regular session falls. The President of the Senate and Speaker of the House, by rule, may extend the session up to seven additional days. Thereafter, the session can be extended only by a majority vote of members present of each house. - -The majority party is the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]], which has held power in both houses since 1993. The [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]] picked up several legislative seats in recent elections, bringing both chambers one seat away from being equally divided as of 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party Government Since 1857 {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives |url=https://history.house.gov/Institution/Presidents-Coinciding/Party-Government/ |website=history.house.gov |access-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-date=November 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109022725/https://history.house.gov/Institution/Presidents-Coinciding/Party-Government/ |url-status=live }}</ref> - -Arizona state senators and representatives are elected for two-year terms and are limited to four consecutive terms in a chamber, though there is no limit on the total number of terms. When a lawmaker is term-limited from office, it is common for him or her to run for election in the other chamber. - -===State executive branch=== -{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:315px; border:#c6c7c8 solid; font-size:90%;" -|- -| colspan="2" style="background:#e7d9a9; text-align:center;"| '''State of Arizona<br>elected officials''' -|- -| style="width:40%;"| '''[[Governor of Arizona|Governor]]''' -| [[Katie Hobbs]] (D) -|- -| '''[[Secretary of State of Arizona|Secretary of State]]''' -| [[Adrian Fontes]] (D) -|- -| '''[[Arizona Attorney General|Attorney General]]''' -| [[Kris Mayes]] (D) -|- -| '''[[State Treasurer of Arizona|State Treasurer]]''' -| [[Kimberly Yee]] (R) -|- -| '''[[Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction|Superintendent of Public Instruction]]''' -| [[Tom Horne]] (R) -|- -| '''[[Arizona State Mine Inspector|State Mine Inspector]]''' -| [[Paul Marsh (politician)|Paul Marsh]] (R) -|- -| '''[[Arizona Corporation Commission|Corporation Commissioner]]''' -| -* [[Nick Myers]] (R) -* [[James O'Connor (Arizona politician)|James O'Connor]] (R) -* [[Lea Márquez Peterson]] (R) -* [[Anna Tovar]] (D) -* [[Kevin Thompson (politician)|Kevin Thompson]] (R) -|- -| '''[[Arizona House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]''' -| -[[Ben Toma]] (R) -|- -|- -| '''[[Arizona Senate|President of the Senate]]''' -| -[[Warren Petersen]] (R) -|- -|} - -Arizona's executive branch is headed by a [[Governor of Arizona|governor]], who is elected to a four-year term. The governor may serve any number of terms, though no more than two in a row. Arizona is one of the few states that has no governor's mansion. During their term, the governors reside within their private residence, with executive offices housed in the executive tower at the state capitol. The governor of Arizona is [[Katie Hobbs]] (D). - -Governor [[Jan Brewer]] assumed office in 2009 after [[Janet Napolitano]] had her nomination by Barack Obama for [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Secretary of Homeland Security]] confirmed by the Senate.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ariz. GOP would gain if Napolitano gets Obama post |agency=Associated Press |publisher=[[KTAR-FM|KTAR]] |date=November 20, 2008 |url=http://ktar.com/?nid=6&sid=994469 |access-date=December 28, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121152231/http://ktar.com/?nid=6&sid=994469 |archive-date=November 21, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> Arizona has had four female governors and a fifth currently serving, more than any other state. - -Other elected executive officials include the [[Secretary of State (U.S. state government)|Secretary of State]], [[State Treasurer]], [[Arizona Attorney General|State Attorney General]], [[state education agency|Superintendent of Public Instruction]], [[Arizona State Mine Inspector|State Mine Inspector]], and a five-member [[Arizona Corporation Commission|Corporation Commission]]. All elected officials hold a term of four years, and are limited to two consecutive terms (except the office of the State Mine Inspector, which is limited to four terms).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=/const/19/0.1.htm |title=Format Document |publisher=Azleg.gov |date=January 1, 1993 |access-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917193722/http://www.azleg.gov/FormatDocument.asp?inDoc=%2Fconst%2F19%2F0.1.htm |archive-date=September 17, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> - -Arizona is one of five states that do not have a [[Lieutenant governor (United States)#Arizona|lieutenant governor]]. The elected secretary of state is first in line to succeed the governor in the event of death, disability, resignation, or removal from office. If appointed, the Secretary of State is not eligible and the next governor is selected from the next eligible official in the line of succession, including the attorney general, state treasurer, and superintendent of public instruction. Since 1977, four secretaries of state and one attorney general have succeeded to the state's governorship. - -On November 8, 2022, Arizona voters approved a state constitutional amendment (Proposition 131) that created the position and office of the lieutenant governor beginning with the 2026 elections. The position will be elected on a joint ticket with the governor. The lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship if the incumbent governor dies, resigns, or is removed (via impeachment conviction) from office. The proposition, through a law pre-passed by the state legislature, also tasks the governor with assigning a job to her or his running mate, such as chief of staff, the director of the state Department of Administration, or "any position" to which the governor can appoint someone by law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stern |first=Ray |date=8 November 2022 |title=Arizona voters approve Proposition 131 to create lieutenant governor position |url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2022/11/08/arizona-proposition-131-results-lieutenant-governor-position/10634466002/ |access-date=12 November 2023 |website=The Arizona Republic}}</ref> - -===State judicial branch=== -The [[Arizona Supreme Court]] is the highest court in Arizona, consisting of a chief justice, a vice chief justice, and five associate justices. Justices are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a bipartisan commission and must be sustained in office by election after the first two years following their appointment. Subsequent sustaining elections occur every six years. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in death penalty cases, but nearly all other appellate cases go through the [[Arizona Court of Appeals]] first. The court has original jurisdiction in a few other circumstances, as outlined in the state constitution. The court meets in the Arizona Supreme Court Building at the capitol complex (at the southern end of Wesley Bolin Plaza). - -The Arizona Court of Appeals, subdivided into two divisions, is the intermediate court in the state. Division One is based in Phoenix, consists of nineteen judges, and has jurisdiction in the Western and Northern regions of the state, along with the greater Phoenix area. Division Two is based in Tucson, consists of nine judges, and has jurisdiction over the Southern regions of the state, including the Tucson area. Judges are selected in a method similar to the one used for state supreme court justices. - -Each county of Arizona has a [[Arizona Superior Court|superior court]], the size and organization of which are varied and generally depend on the size of the particular county. - -===Counties=== -[[File:Cochise County Courthouse Bisbee Arizona ArtDecoDoors.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Art Deco]] doors of the [[Cochise County]] Courthouse in Bisbee]] -Arizona is divided into 15 [[County (United States)|counties]], ranging in size from {{convert|1238|sqmi|km2|sigfig=3}} to {{convert|18661|sqmi|km2|sigfig=4}}. - -{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="margin:lem; margin-top:0;" -!colspan="7" style="white-space: nowrap;" |Arizona counties -|- -!County name !! County seat !! Founded !! 2020 population<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts |title="QuickFacts". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. |access-date=May 31, 2018 |archive-date=February 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203012455/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/ |url-status=live}}</ref>!! Percent of total !! Area (sq mi) !! Percent of total -|- -|[[Apache County, Arizona|Apache]]||[[St. Johns, Arizona|St. Johns]]||February 24, 1879||66,021||0.9%||11,218||9.8% -|- -|[[Cochise County, Arizona|Cochise]]||[[Bisbee, Arizona|Bisbee]]||February 1, 1881||125,447||1.8%||6,219||5.5% -|- -|[[Coconino County, Arizona|Coconino]]||[[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]]||February 18, 1891||145,101||2.0%||18,661||16.4% -|- -|[[Gila County, Arizona|Gila]]||[[Globe, Arizona|Globe]]||February 8, 1881||53,272||0.7%||4,796||4.2% -|- -|[[Graham County, Arizona|Graham]]||[[Safford, Arizona|Safford]]||March 10, 1881||38,533||0.5%||4,641||4.1% -|- -|[[Greenlee County, Arizona|Greenlee]]||[[Clifton, Arizona|Clifton]]||March 10, 1909||9,563||0.1%||1,848||1.6% -|- -|[[La Paz County, Arizona|La Paz]]||[[Parker, Arizona|Parker]]||January 1, 1983||16,557||0.2%||4,513||4.0% -|- -|[[Maricopa County, Arizona|Maricopa]]||[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]||February 14, 1871||4,420,568||61.8%||9,224||8.1% -|- -|[[Mohave County, Arizona|Mohave]]||[[Kingman, Arizona|Kingman]]||November 9, 1864||213,267||3.0%||13,470||11.8% -|- -|[[Navajo County, Arizona|Navajo]]||[[Holbrook, Arizona|Holbrook]]||March 21, 1895||106,717||1.5%||9,959||8.7% -|- -|[[Pima County, Arizona|Pima]]||[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]||November 9, 1864||1,043,433||14.6%||9,189||8.1% -|- -|[[Pinal County, Arizona|Pinal]]||[[Florence, Arizona|Florence]]||February 1, 1875||425,264||6.0%||5,374||4.7% -|- -|[[Santa Cruz County, Arizona|Santa Cruz]]||[[Nogales, Arizona|Nogales]]||March 15, 1899||47,669||0.7%||1,238||1.1% -|- -|[[Yavapai County, Arizona|Yavapai]]||[[Prescott, Arizona|Prescott]]||November 9, 1864||236,209||3.3%||8,128||7.1% -|- -|[[Yuma County, Arizona|Yuma]]||[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]]||November 9, 1864||203,881||2.9%||5,519||4.8% -|- -| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Totals: 15 -| -|7,151,502 -| -|113,997 -| -|} - -===Federal representation=== -Arizona's two United States Senators are [[Kyrsten Sinema]] (I) and [[Mark Kelly]] (D). - -Arizona's United States Representatives are [[David Schweikert]] (R-1), [[Eli Crane]] (R-2), [[Ruben Gallego]] (D-3), [[Greg Stanton]] (D-4), [[Andy Biggs]] (R-5), [[Juan Ciscomani]] (R-6), [[Raul Grijalva]] (D-7), [[Debbie Lesko]] (R-8), and [[Paul Gosar]] (R-9). Arizona gained a ninth seat in the House of Representatives due to [[redistricting]] based on the [[2010 United States census]]. - -===Political culture=== -{{see also|Elections in Arizona|Political party strength in Arizona|United States presidential elections in Arizona|}} -{| class=wikitable style="float:left; margin:10px" -! colspan = 6 | Voter registration as of March 19, 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Voter Registration Statistics |url=https://azsos.gov/elections/results-data/voter-registration-statistics/voter-registration-counts |url-status=live |publisher=Arizona Secretary of State Elections Bureau |access-date=April 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802111006/https://azsos.gov/elections/voter-registration-historical-election-data |archive-date=August 2, 2019}}</ref> -|- -! colspan = 2 | Party -! Number of voters -! Percentage -|- -| {{party color cell|Republican Party (United States)}} -| [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] -| style="text-align:center;"| 1,436,757 -| style="text-align:center;"| 35.07% -|- -| {{party color cell|Other Party (United States)}} -| [[List of political parties in the United States|Other]] -| style="text-align:center;"| 1,396,999 -| style="text-align:center;"| 34.10% -|- -| {{party color cell|Democratic Party (United States)}} -| [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] -| style="text-align:center;"| 1,200,191 -| style="text-align:center;"| 29.30% -|- -| {{party color cell|Libertarian Party (United States)}} -| [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian]] -| style="text-align:center;"| 31,959 -| style="text-align:center;"| 0.78% -|- -| {{party color cell|No Labels}} -| [[No Labels]] -| style="text-align:center;"| 27,631 -| style="text-align:center;"| 0.67% -|- -! colspan = 2 | Total -! style="text-align:center;"| 4,096,260 -! style="text-align:center;"| 100.00% -|}[[File:Party registration by Arizona county.svg|thumb|Party registration by Arizona county (January 2023) -{{legend|#d3e7ff|2=Democrat ≥ 30%}} -{{legend|#b9d7ff|2=Democrat ≥ 40%}} -{{legend|#86b6f2|2=Democrat ≥ 50%}} -{{legend|#ffccd0|2=Republican ≥ 30%}} -{{legend|#f2b3be|2=Republican ≥ 40%}} -{{legend|#e27f90|2=Republican ≥ 50%}} -{{legend|#e9beff|2=Unaffiliated ≥ 30%}} -]] - -From statehood through the late 1940s, Arizona was primarily dominated by the [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]. During this time, the Democratic candidate for the presidency carried the state each election, the only exceptions being the elections of [[1920 United States presidential election|1920]], [[1924 United States presidential election|1924]] and [[1928 United States presidential election|1928]]{{snd}}all three were national [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] landslides. - -In 1924, Congress had passed a law granting citizenship and suffrage to all Native Americans, some of whom had previously been excluded as members of tribes on reservations. Legal interpretations of Arizona's constitution prohibited Native Americans living on reservations from voting, classifying them as being under "guardianship".<ref name="HAvote"/> This interpretation was overturned as being incorrect and unconstitutional in 1948 by the Arizona Supreme Court, following a lawsuit by World War{{spaces}}II Indian veterans [[Frank Harrison (soldier)|Frank Harrison]] and Harry Austin, both of the [[Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation]]. The landmark case is ''[[Harrison and Austin v. Laveen]]''. After the men were refused the opportunity to register in Maricopa County, they filed lawsuit against the registrar. The [[National Congress of American Indians]], the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]], the [[Department of the Interior]], and the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] all filed ''amicus curiae'' (friends of the court) briefs in the case. The State Supreme Court established the rights of Native Americans to vote in the state; at the time, they comprised about 11% of the population.<ref name="HAvote"/> That year, a similar provision was overturned in New Mexico when challenged by another Indian veteran in court. These were the only two states that had continued to prohibit Native Americans from voting.<ref name="NAvote">[http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/10/29/history-indian-voting-rights-and-why-its-important-vote-140373 Dr. Dean Chavers, "History of Indian voting rights and why it's important"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707201026/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2012/10/29/history-indian-voting-rights-and-why-its-important-vote-140373 |date=July 7, 2016 }}, ''Indian Country Today'', October 29, 2012; accessed July 17, 2016. See ''Trujillo v. Garley'' (1948)</ref><ref name="HAvote"/> - -Arizona voted Republican in every presidential election from 1952 to 1992, with [[Richard Nixon]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] winning the state by particularly large margins. During this forty-year span, it was the only state not to be carried by a Democrat at least once. -{{PresHead|place=Arizona|source=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=4&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|title=Presidential General Election Results Comparison – Arizona|publisher=US Election Atlas|access-date=October 26, 2022|author=Leip, David|archive-date=October 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027004521/https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&fips=4&f=1&off=0&elect=0&type=state|url-status=live}}</ref>}} -<!-- PresRow should be {{PresRow|Year|Winning party|GOP vote #|Dem vote #|3rd party vote #|State}} --> -{{PresRow|2020|Democratic|1,661,686|1,672,143|63,559|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|2016|Republican|1,252,401|1,161,167|191,089|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|2012|Republican|1,233,654|1,025,232|47,673|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|2008|Republican|1,230,111|1,034,707|39,020|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|2004|Republican|1,104,294|893,524|18,284|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|2000|Republican|781,652|685,341|67,120|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1996|Democratic|622,073|653,288|129,044|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1992|Republican|572,086|543,050|371,870|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1988|Republican|702,541|454,029|15,303|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1984|Republican|681,416|333,854|10,627|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1980|Republican|529,688|246,843|97,414|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1976|Republican|418,642|295,602|28,475|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1972|Republican|402,812|198,540|52,153|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1968|Republican|266,721|170,514|49,701|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1964|Republican|242,535|237,753|482|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1960|Republican|221,241|176,781|469|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1956|Republican|176,990|112,880|303|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1952|Republican|152,042|108,528|0|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1948|Democratic|77,597|95,251|4,217|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1944|Democratic|56,287|80,926|421|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1940|Democratic|54,030|95,267|742|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1936|Democratic|33,433|86,722|4,008|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1932|Democratic|36,104|79,264|2,883|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1928|Republican|52,533|38,537|184|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1924|Republican|30,516|26,235|17,210|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1920|Republican|37,016|29,546|0|Arizona}} -{{PresRow|1916|Democratic|20,524|33,170|4,327|Arizona}} -{{PresFoot|1912|Democratic|3,021|10,324|10,377|Arizona}} - -Democrat [[Lyndon Johnson]], in [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]], lost the state by fewer than 5,000 votes to Arizona Senator and native [[Barry Goldwater]]. (This was the most closely contested state in what was otherwise a landslide victory for Johnson that year.) Democrat [[Bill Clinton]] ended this streak in [[1996 United States presidential election|1996]], when he won Arizona by a little over two percentage points (Clinton had previously come within less than two percent of winning Arizona's electoral votes in [[1992 United States presidential election|1992]]). From 2000 until 2016, the majority of the state continued to support Republican presidential candidates by solid margins. In the [[2020 United States presidential election]], [[Joe Biden]] again broke the streak by becoming the first Democratic presidential candidate to win Arizona since 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Merica|first=Dan|title=Biden carries Arizona, flipping a longtime Republican stronghold|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/12/politics/biden-wins-arizona/index.html|access-date=2020-11-13|website=CNN|date=November 13, 2020|archive-date=November 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113043642/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/12/politics/biden-wins-arizona/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Since the mid 20th century, the Republican Party has also dominated Arizona politics in general. The fast-growing Phoenix and Tucson suburbs became reliably Republican areas from the 1950s onward. During this time, many "Pinto Democrats", or conservative Democrats from rural areas, became increasingly willing to support Republicans at the state and national level. While the state normally supports Republicans at the federal level, Democrats are often competitive in statewide elections. Two of the last six governors have been Democrats. - -On March 4, 2008, Senator [[John McCain]] effectively clinched the Republican nomination for 2008, becoming the first major party presidential nominee from the state since Barry Goldwater in 1964. - -Arizona politics is dominated by a longstanding rivalry between its two largest counties, [[Maricopa County|Maricopa]] and [[Pima County|Pima]]{{snd}}home to Phoenix and Tucson, respectively. The two counties have almost 75 percent of the state's population and cast almost 80 percent of the state's vote. They also elect a substantial majority of the state legislature. - -Maricopa County is home to almost 60 percent of the state's population, and most of the state's elected officials live there. Before [[Joe Biden]] won Maricopa County in 2020, it had voted Republican in every presidential election since 1952. This includes the [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] run of native son Barry Goldwater; he would not have carried his home state without his 20,000-vote margin in Maricopa County. Similarly, McCain won Arizona by eight percentage points in 2008, aided by his 130,000-vote margin in Maricopa County. - -In contrast, Pima County, home to Tucson, and most of southern Arizona have historically voted more Democratic. While Tucson's suburbs lean Republican, they hold to a somewhat more moderate brand of Republicanism than is common in the Phoenix area. -[[File:-RedForEd (41008219574).jpg|thumb|[[2018 Arizona teachers' strike|Arizona teacher's strike]] and rally on April 26, 2018]] - -Arizona rejected a [[Arizona Proposition 107 (2006)|same-sex marriage ban]] in a referendum as part of the 2006 elections. Arizona was the first state in the nation to do so. [[Recognition of same-sex unions in Arizona|Same-sex marriage]] was not recognized in Arizona, but this amendment would have denied any legal or financial benefits to unmarried homosexual or heterosexual couples.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006/11/07/2 |title=Arizona stands alone against marriage ban – Queer Lesbian Gay News |publisher=Gay.com |access-date=July 25, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108091438/http://www.gay.com/news/article.html?2006%2F11%2F07%2F2 |archive-date=January 8, 2007}}</ref> In 2008, Arizona voters passed [[Arizona Proposition 102 (2008)|Proposition 102]], an amendment to the state constitution to define marriage as a union of one man and one woman. It passed by a more narrow majority than similar votes in a number of other states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azstarnet.com/metro/265756|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108015350/http://www.azstarnet.com/metro/265756|url-status=dead|title=Ban on gay unions solidly supported in most of Arizona|archive-date=November 8, 2008}}</ref> - -In 2010, Arizona adopted [[Arizona SB 1070|SB 1070]], called the "toughest [[Immigration to the United States|immigration]] law" in the United States. A fierce debate erupted between supporters and detractors of SB 1070.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html | work=The New York Times | title=Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration | access-date=December 28, 2011 | first=Randal C. | last=Archibold | date=April 23, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101060624/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html | archive-date=January 1, 2012 | url-status=live}}</ref> The [[United States Supreme Court]] struck down portions of the Arizona law, which required all immigrants to carry immigration papers at all times, in ''[[Arizona v. United States]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=High court to weigh Arizona voter registration case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-voting-idUSBRE92E0EN20130315|publisher=[[Reuters]]|access-date=March 17, 2013|date=March 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317015447/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/03/15/us-usa-court-voting-idUSBRE92E0EN20130315|archive-date=March 17, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> - -The [[2018 West Virginia teachers' strike|West Virginia]] teachers' strike in 2018 inspired [[2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States|teachers in other states]], including [[2018 Arizona teachers' strike|Arizona]], to take similar action.<ref>{{cite news|title=Inspired by West Virginia Strike, Teachers in Oklahoma and Kentucky Plan Walk Out|url=http://ktla.com/2018/04/02/inspired-by-west-virginia-strike-teachers-in-oklahoma-and-kentucky-plan-walk-out/|agency=[[KTLA]]|date=April 2, 2018|access-date=September 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190812154057/https://ktla.com/2018/04/02/inspired-by-west-virginia-strike-teachers-in-oklahoma-and-kentucky-plan-walk-out/|archive-date=August 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Arizona retains the [[death penalty]]. There is currently a gubernatorial hold on executions. Authorized methods of execution include the [[gas chamber]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/executions/methods-of-execution | title=Methods of Execution | access-date=March 20, 2023 | archive-date=July 1, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701043600/https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution | url-status=live }}</ref> - -===Same-sex marriage and civil unions=== -In 2006, Arizona became the first state in the United States to reject a proposition, [[Arizona Proposition 107 (2006)|Prop 107]], that would have banned same-sex marriage and civil unions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-arizona-flipped-on-gay-marriage/|title=Why Arizona Flipped on Gay Marriage|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201440/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/why-arizona-flipped-on-gay-marriage/|archive-date=November 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2008, Arizona voters approved of Prop 102, a constitutional amendment that prohibited same-sex marriage but not other unions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McKinley |first1=Jesse |last2=Goodstein |first2=Laurie |title=Bans in 3 States on Gay Marriage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/us/politics/06marriage.html |url-status=live |work=The New York Times |date=November 5, 2008 |access-date=November 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105192110/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/06/us/politics/06marriage.html |archive-date=January 5, 2018 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Prior to same-sex marriage being legal, the [[Bisbee, Arizona|City of Bisbee]] became the first jurisdiction in Arizona to approve of [[civil union]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-arizona-gaymarriage/arizona-city-poised-to-pass-states-first-civil-union-ordinance-idUSBRE93109Y20130402|title=Arizona city poised to pass state's first civil union ordinance|date=April 2, 2013|publisher=Reuters|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115143349/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-arizona-gaymarriage/arizona-city-poised-to-pass-states-first-civil-union-ordinance-idUSBRE93109Y20130402|archive-date=November 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The state's Attorney General at the time, [[Tom Horne]], threatened to sue, but rescinded the threat once Bisbee amended the ordinance; Bisbee approved of civil unions in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc15.com/news/region-central-southern-az/sierra-vista/bisbee-council-approves-civil-unions-measure|title=Bisbee, Arizona same-sex marriage: Council approves civil unions measure|agency=Associated Press|date=June 5, 2013|work=KNXV|access-date=November 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201256/http://www.abc15.com/news/region-central-southern-az/sierra-vista/bisbee-council-approves-civil-unions-measure|archive-date=November 15, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> The municipalities of [[Clarkdale, Arizona|Clarkdale]], [[Cottonwood, Arizona|Cottonwood]], [[Jerome, Arizona|Jerome]], [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]], and [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] also passed civil unions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samesexrelationshipguide.com/~/media/files/ssrguide/northamerica/united-states/legal-recognition-of-samesex-relationships--united-states-of-america--arizona.pdf|title=Legal Recognition of Same-Sex Relationships|date=August 31, 2015|website=samesexrelationshipguide.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924234758/http://www.samesexrelationshipguide.com/~/media/files/ssrguide/northamerica/united-states/legal-recognition-of-samesex-relationships--united-states-of-america--arizona.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-24|url-status=dead|access-date=October 14, 2017}}</ref> - -A November 2011 [[Public Policy Polling]] survey found 44% of Arizona voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, while 45% opposed it and 12% were not sure. A separate question on the same survey found 72% of respondents supported legal recognition of same-sex couples, with 40% supporting same-sex marriage, 32% supporting civil unions, 27% opposing all legal recognition and 1% not sure. Arizona Proposition 102, known by its supporters as the Marriage Protection Amendment, appeared as a legislatively referred constitutional amendment on the November 4, 2008 ballot in Arizona, where it was approved: 56–43%. It amended the Arizona Constitution to define marriage as between one man and one woman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_AZ_1130424.pdf|title=AZ pro-civil unions, remembers Goldwater fondly|access-date=April 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513164507/http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_AZ_1130424.pdf|archive-date=May 13, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> - -On October 17, 2014, Arizona Attorney General Tom Horne announced his office would no longer object to same-sex marriage, in response to a U.S. District Court Ruling on Arizona Proposition 102. On that day, each county's Clerk of the Superior Court began to issue same-sex marriage licenses, and Arizona became the 31st state to legalize same-sex marriage.<ref>{{cite web|title=Same sex marriage legal in Arizona|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2014/10/16/horne-concedes-sex-marriage-ruling-applies-arizona/17372549/|last1=Rau|first1=Alia|website=azcentral|access-date=January 31, 2022|archive-date=May 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509225532/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/arizona/politics/2014/10/16/horne-concedes-sex-marriage-ruling-applies-arizona/17372549/|url-status=live}}</ref> - -The 2023 ''American Values Atlas'' by [[Public Religion Research Institute]] found that an overwhelming majority of residents support [[Same-sex marriage in the United States|same-sex marriage]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |date=February 24, 2023 |title=American Values Atlas: Approval of Same-Sex Marriage in Arizona |url=https://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2022/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-AZ |access-date=April 12, 2023 |website=[[Public Religion Research Institute]] |archive-date=April 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404161714/https://ava.prri.org/#lgbt/2022/States/lgbt_ssm/m/US-AZ |url-status=live }}</ref> - -==Education== -===Elementary and secondary education=== -Public schools in Arizona are separated into about 220 local school districts which operate independently, but are governed in most cases by elected county school superintendents; these are in turn overseen by the Arizona State Board of Education and the [[Arizona Department of Education]]. A state [[Arizona Superintendent of Public Instruction|Superintendent of Public Instruction]] (elected in partisan elections every even-numbered year when there is not a presidential election, for a four-year term). In 2005, a School District Redistricting Commission was established with the goal of combining and consolidating many of these districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number of schools in arizona|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/laurieroberts/2015/01/15/ducey-school-budgets-classroom-spending-unification/21778873/|last=Roberts|first=Laurie|website=azcentreal|access-date=December 2, 2021}}</ref> - -===Higher education=== -[[File:University of Arizona mall.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Arizona]] (the Mall) in [[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]]]] -[[File:Asubiodesign.jpg|thumb|[[Arizona State University]] (a biodesign building) in [[Tempe, Arizona|Tempe]]]] -[[File:Walkup Skydome.jpg|thumb|[[Northern Arizona University]] (The Skydome) in [[Flagstaff, Arizona|Flagstaff]]]] -Arizona is served by three public universities: The [[University of Arizona]], [[Arizona State University]], and [[Northern Arizona University]]. These schools are governed by the [[Arizona Board of Regents]]. - -Private higher education in Arizona is dominated by a large number of for-profit and "chain" (multi-site) universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=AZ&ct=2+3&ic=1|title=College Navigator{{snd}}Search Results|website=nces.ed.gov|access-date=February 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511163744/http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=AZ&ct=2+3&ic=1|archive-date=May 11, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> - -[[Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott]] and [[Prescott College]] are Arizona's only non-profit four-year private colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=AZ&ct=2+3&ic=1&pg=2&id=105589|title=College Navigator{{snd}}Prescott College|website=nces.ed.gov|access-date=February 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511163750/http://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?s=AZ&ct=2+3&ic=1&pg=2&id=105589|archive-date=May 11, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Arizona has a wide network of two-year vocational schools and [[community colleges]]. These colleges were governed historically by a separate statewide board of directors but, in 2002, the state legislature transferred almost all oversight authority to individual community college districts.<ref>2002 Legislature{{snd}}HB 2710, which later became ARS 15-1444</ref> The Maricopa County Community College District includes 11 community colleges throughout Maricopa County and is one of the largest in the nation. - -====Public universities in Arizona==== -* [[Arizona State University]], ([[Arizona State Sun Devils|Sun Devils]]) Tempe/Phoenix/Mesa/Glendale/Lake Havasu -* [[Northern Arizona University]], ([[NAU Lumberjacks|Lumberjacks]]) Flagstaff/Yuma/Prescott -* [[University of Arizona]], ([[Arizona Wildcats|Wildcats]]) Tucson/Sierra Vista, [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]] college in downtown Phoenix and UA Agricultural Center in Yuma/Maricopa - -====Private colleges and universities in Arizona==== -{{main list|List of colleges and universities in Arizona}} -{{div col|colwidth=22em}} -* [[American Indian College]] -* [[Carrington College (US)|Carrington College]] -* [[Arizona Christian University]] -* [[The Art Center Design College|Art Center College of Design]] -* [[The Art Institute of Tucson|Art Institute of Tucson]] -* [[The Art Institute of Phoenix|Art Institute of Phoenix]] -* [[A.T. Still University]] -* [[Brookline College]] -* [[Brown Mackie College]] -* [[Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Prescott|Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University]] -* [[Grand Canyon University]] -* [[Midwestern University]] -* [[Northcentral University]] -* [[Ottawa University]] -* [[Park University#Locations|Park University]] -* [[University of Phoenix]] -* [[Penn Foster College]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.azhighered.org/AZ_Private_Postsecondary.html |title=AZ Private Postsecondary Institutions |publisher=Azhighered.org |access-date=September 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018053220/http://www.azhighered.org/AZ_Private_Postsecondary.html |archive-date=October 18, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> -* [[Prescott College]] -* [[Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine]] -* [[Thunderbird School of Global Management]] -* [[University of Advancing Technology]] -* [[Western International University]] -* [[Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences]] -{{div col end}} - -====Community colleges==== -{{main list|List of community colleges in Arizona}} -{{div col|colwidth=22em}} -* [[Arizona Western College]] -* [[Central Arizona College]] -* [[Cochise College]] -* [[Coconino Community College]] -* [[Diné College]] -* [[Eastern Arizona College]] -* [[Maricopa Community College District]]: -** [[Chandler-Gilbert Community College]] -** [[Estrella Mountain Community College]] -** [[GateWay Community College]] -** [[Glendale Community College (AZ)|Glendale Community College]] -** [[Mesa Community College]] -** [[Paradise Valley Community College]] -** [[Phoenix College]] -** [[Rio Salado College]] -** [[Scottsdale Community College]] -** [[South Mountain Community College]] -* [[Mohave Community College]] -* [[Northland Pioneer College]] -* [[Pima Community College]] -* [[Yavapai College]] -{{div col end}} - -==Art and culture== -{{more citations needed section|date=February 2021}} - -===Visual arts and museums=== -{{see also|List of museums in Arizona}} -[[Phoenix Art Museum]], on the historic [[Central Avenue Corridor]] in Phoenix, is the Southwest's largest collection of visual art from across the world. The museum displays international exhibitions alongside the museum's collection of more than 18,000 works of American, Asian, European, Latin American, Western American, modern and contemporary art, and fashion design. With a community education mandate since 1951, Phoenix Art Museum holds a year-round program of festivals, live performances, independent art films and educational programs. The museum also has PhxArtKids, an interactive space for children; photography exhibitions through the museum's partnership with the [[Center for Creative Photography]]; the landscaped Sculpture Garden and dining at Arcadia Farms.<ref>{{cite web|title=Art history|url=https://phxart.org/get-involved/about/our-history/|last1=ART|first1=PHOENIX|website=phxart|access-date=December 2, 2021|archive-date=December 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227033414/https://phxart.org/get-involved/about/our-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Arizona is a recognized center of Native American art, with a number of galleries showcasing historical and contemporary works. The [[Heard Museum]], also in Phoenix, is a major repository of Native American art. Some of the signature exhibits include a full Navajo hogan, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection containing 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the [[Barry Goldwater]] Collection of 437 historic [[Hopi kachina dolls]], and an exhibit on the 19th-century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum has about 250,000 visitors a year. - -[[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]], [[Jerome, Arizona|Jerome]], and [[Tubac, Arizona|Tubac]] are known as budding artist colonies, and small arts scenes exist in the larger cities and near the state universities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Arizonas Budding Art Colonists|url=https://www.visitarizona.com/like-a-local/arizonas-artist-enclaves/|website=visitarizona|access-date=March 1, 2021|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125195110/https://www.visitarizona.com/like-a-local/arizonas-artist-enclaves/|url-status=live}}</ref> - -===Film=== -{{See also|List of films shot in Arizona}} -[[File:Monument Valley 15.jpg|thumb|View of Monument Valley from [[John Ford]]'s Point]] - -Several major Hollywood films, such as ''[[Billy Jack]]'', ''[[U Turn (1997 film)|U Turn]]'', ''[[Waiting to Exhale]]'', ''[[Just One of the Guys]]'', ''[[Can't Buy Me Love (film)|Can't Buy Me Love]]'', ''[[Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure]]'', ''[[The Scorpion King]]'', ''[[The Banger Sisters]]'', ''[[Used Cars]]'', and ''[[Raising Arizona]]'' have been made there (as have many [[Western (genre)|Westerns]]). The 1993 science fiction movie ''[[Fire in the Sky]]'', based on a reported alien abduction in the town of [[Snowflake, Arizona|Snowflake]], was set in Snowflake. It was filmed in the Oregon towns of [[Oakland, Oregon|Oakland]], [[Roseburg, Oregon|Roseburg]], and [[Sutherlin, Oregon|Sutherlin]]. - -The 1974 film ''[[Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore]]'', for which [[Ellen Burstyn]] won the [[Academy Award for Best Actress]], and also starring [[Kris Kristofferson]], was set in Tucson. The climax of the 1977 [[Clint Eastwood]] film ''[[The Gauntlet (film)|The Gauntlet]]'' takes place in downtown Phoenix. The final segments of the 1984 film ''[[Starman (film)|Starman]]'' take place at [[Meteor Crater]] outside [[Winslow, Arizona|Winslow]]. The [[Jeff Foxworthy]] comedy documentary movie ''[[Blue Collar Comedy Tour: The Movie|Blue Collar Comedy Tour]]'' was filmed almost entirely at the [[Dodge Theatre]]. Some of [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s classic film ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]'' was shot in Phoenix, the ostensible home town of the main character. - -Some of the television shows filmed or set in Arizona include ''[[The New Dick Van Dyke Show]]'', ''[[Medium (TV Series)|Medium]]'', ''[[Alice (American TV series)|Alice]]'', ''[[The First 48]]'', ''[[Insomniac with Dave Attell]]'', ''[[Cops (TV series)|Cops]]'', and ''[[America's Most Wanted]]''. The TV sitcom ''[[Alice (American TV series)|Alice]]'', which was based on the movie was set in Phoenix. ''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]'' had passages set in Phoenix at the beginning and the end of the film. - -===Music=== -{{main|Music of Arizona}} - -Arizona is prominently featured in the lyrics of many [[Country and Western]] songs, such as [[Jamie O'Neal]]'s hit ballad "[[There Is No Arizona]]". [[George Strait]]'s "Oceanfront Property" uses "ocean front property in Arizona" as a metaphor for a sucker proposition. The line "see you down in Arizona Bay" is used in a [[Tool (band)|Tool]] song in reference to the possibility (expressed as a ''hope'' by comedian [[Bill Hicks]]) that Southern California will one day fall into the ocean. [[Glen Campbell]], a notable resident, popularized the song "[[By The Time I Get To Phoenix]]". -[[File:TakeItEasy WinslowAZ.jpg|thumb|[[Standin' on the Corner Park]] and mural in [[Winslow, Arizona]]]] - -"Arizona" was the title of a popular song recorded by [[Mark Lindsay]]. Arizona is mentioned by the hit song "[[Take It Easy]]", written by [[Jackson Browne]] and [[Glenn Frey]] and performed by the [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]. Arizona is also mentioned in the Beatles' song "Get Back", credited to John Lennon and Paul McCartney; McCartney sings: "JoJo left his home in Tucson, Arizona, for some California grass." "[[Carefree Highway (song)|Carefree Highway]]", released in 1974 by [[Gordon Lightfoot]], takes its name from [[Arizona State Route 74]] north of Phoenix.<ref name="Crawdaddy">{{cite news|title=[[Crawdaddy (magazine)|Crawdaddy]]|date=April 1975}}</ref> - -Arizona's budding music scene is helped by emerging bands, as well as some well-known artists. The [[Gin Blossoms]], [[Chronic Future]], [[Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers]], [[Jimmy Eat World]], [[Caroline's Spine]], and others began their careers in Arizona. Also, a number of [[punk rock|punk]] and rock bands got their start in Arizona, including [[JFA (band)|JFA]], [[The Feederz]], [[Sun City Girls]], [[The Meat Puppets]], [[The Maine (band)|The Maine]], [[The Summer Set]], and more recently [[Authority Zero]] and [[Digital Summer]]. - -Arizona also has many singers and other musicians. Singer, songwriter and guitarist [[Michelle Branch]] is from [[Sedona, Arizona|Sedona]]. [[Chester Bennington]], the former lead vocalist of [[Linkin Park]], and [[Mashup (music)|mash-up]] artist [[DJ Z-Trip]] are both from [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]. One of Arizona's better known musicians is [[shock rock]]er [[Alice Cooper]], who helped define the genre. [[Maynard James Keenan]], the lead singer of the bands [[Tool (band)|Tool]], [[A Perfect Circle]], and [[Puscifer]], calls the town of [[Cornville, Arizona|Cornville]] home. - -Other notable singers include [[Country music|country]] singers [[Dierks Bentley]] and [[Marty Robbins]], [[folk music|folk]] singer [[Katie Lee (singer)|Katie Lee]], [[Fleetwood Mac]]'s [[Stevie Nicks]], [[CeCe Peniston]], [[Rex Allen]], 2007 ''[[American Idol (season 6)|American Idol]]'' winner [[Jordin Sparks]], and [[Linda Ronstadt]]. - -Arizona is also known for its [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] scene, which is centered in and around Phoenix. In the early to mid-1990s, it included bands such as [[Job for a Cowboy]], [[Knights of the Abyss]], [[Greeley Estates]], [[Eyes Set To Kill]], [[blessthefall]], [[The Word Alive]], [[The Dead Rabbitts]], and [[Abigail Williams (band)|Abigail Williams]]. The band [[Soulfly]] calls Phoenix home and [[Megadeth]] lived in Phoenix for about a decade. Beginning in and around 2009, Phoenix began to host a burgeoning desert rock and sludge metal underground, (ala' Kyuss in 1990s California) led by bands like Wolves of Winter, Asimov, and Dead Canyon. - -American composer [[Elliott Carter]] composed his first String Quartet (1950–51) while on sabbatical (from New York) in Arizona. The quartet won a [[Pulitzer Prize]] and other awards and is now a staple of the string quartet repertoire.{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} - -===Sports=== -{{main|Sports in Arizona}} -{| class="wikitable" -|- -!Club -!Sport -!League -!Championships -|- -|[[Arizona Cardinals]] -|[[American football]] -|[[National Football League]] -|2 ([[1925 NFL season|1925]], [[1947 NFL season|1947]]) -|- -|[[Arizona Diamondbacks]] -|[[Baseball]] -|[[Major League Baseball]] -|1 ([[2001 World Series|2001]]) -|- -|[[Phoenix Suns]] -|[[Basketball]] -|[[National Basketball Association]] -|0 -|- -|[[Arizona Coyotes]] -|[[Ice hockey]] -|[[National Hockey League]] -|0 -|- -|[[Phoenix Mercury]] -|Basketball -|[[Women's National Basketball Association]] -|3 ([[2007 WNBA season|2007]], [[2009 WNBA season|2009]], [[2014 WNBA season|2014]]) -|- -|[[Phoenix Rising FC]] -|[[Soccer]] -|[[USL Championship]] -|1 ([[2023 USL Championship season|2023]]) -|- -|[[Tucson Roadrunners]] -|Ice hockey -|[[American Hockey League]] -|0 -|- -|[[Arizona Rattlers]] -|[[Indoor American football|Indoor football]] -|[[Indoor Football League]] -|6 ([[ArenaBowl VIII|1994]], [[ArenaBowl XI|1997]], [[ArenaBowl XXV|2012]], [[ArenaBowl XXVI|2013]], [[ArenaBowl XXVII|2014]], [[2017 United Bowl|2017]]) -|} - -[[File:Fiesta Bowl 2019 Stadium.jpg|thumb|[[State Farm Stadium]] in [[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]]]] - -Four [[Super Bowl]]s have been held in Arizona, including [[Super Bowl&nbsp;LVII]] which was held at [[State Farm Stadium]] on February 12, 2023.<ref name=sb57sitechosen>{{cite news|last1=Teope|first1=Herbie|title=Arizona, New Orleans Saints chosen as Super Bowl hosts|url=http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000933935/article/arizona-new-orleans-chosen-as-super-bowl-hosts|publisher=[[National Football League]]|date=May 23, 2018|access-date=May 23, 2018|archive-date=February 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202190059/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000933935/article/arizona-new-orleans-chosen-as-super-bowl-hosts|url-status=live}}</ref> - -Due to its numerous golf courses, Arizona is home to several stops on the [[PGA Tour]], most notably the [[Phoenix Open]], held at the [[TPC of Scottsdale]], and the [[WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship]] at the [[Ritz-Carlton Golf Club]] in [[Marana, Arizona|Marana]].<ref>{{cite web |last=web-admin |date=2012-02-22 |title=Accenture Match Play Championship begins at The Ritz-Carlton Golf Club Dove Mountain |url=https://www.nicklausdesign.com/2012/02/22/dove-mountain-accenture-match-play/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Nicklaus Design |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922042756/https://www.nicklausdesign.com/2012/02/22/dove-mountain-accenture-match-play/ |url-status=live }}</ref> - -Auto racing is another sport known in the state. [[Phoenix Raceway]] in [[Avondale, Arizona|Avondale]] is home to [[NASCAR]] race weekends twice a year. [[Firebird International Raceway]] near [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]] is home to drag racing and other motorsport events.<ref>{{cite web |last=rhorton |title=2022 NASCAR Championship Weekend |url=https://www.phoenixraceway.com/championship22/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Phoenix Raceway |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922042754/https://www.phoenixraceway.com/championship22/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> - -====College sports==== -College sports are also prevalent in Arizona. The [[Arizona State Sun Devils]] and the [[Arizona Wildcats]] belong to the [[Pac-12 Conference]] while the [[Northern Arizona Lumberjacks]] compete in the [[Big Sky Conference]] and the [[Grand Canyon Antelopes]] compete in the [[Western Athletic Conference]]. The rivalry between [[Arizona State Sun Devils]] and the [[Arizona Wildcats]] predates Arizona's statehood, and is the oldest rivalry in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Tom |last=Knauer |title=What is the Territorial Cup? |url=http://media.wildcat.arizona.edu/media/storage/paper997/news/2006/11/22/UaVsAsu/What-Is.The.Territorial.Cup-2507222.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008121108/http://media.wildcat.arizona.edu/media/storage/paper997/news/2006/11/22/UaVsAsu/What-Is.The.Territorial.Cup-2507222.shtml |archive-date=October 8, 2008 |publisher=The Wildcat Online |date=November 22, 2006 |access-date=April 2, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Territorial Cup]], first awarded in 1889 and certified as the oldest trophy in college football,<ref>{{cite book|title=Official 2007 NCAA Division I Football Records Book |publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association |year=2007 |url=https://www.ncaa.org/library/records/football/football_records_book/2007/2007_d1_football_records_book.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625010623/http://www.ncaa.org/library/records/football/football_records_book/2007/2007_d1_football_records_book.pdf |archive-date=June 25, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> is awarded to the winner of the annual football game between the two schools. - -Arizona also hosts several college football [[bowl game]]s. The [[Fiesta Bowl]], originally held at [[Sun Devil Stadium]], is now held at [[State Farm Stadium]] in [[Glendale, Arizona|Glendale]]. The Fiesta Bowl is part of the new [[College Football Playoff]] (CFP). University of Phoenix Stadium was also home to the [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|2007]] and [[2011 BCS National Championship Game|2011]] [[BCS National Championship Game]]s. -[[File:SpringTrainingHoHoKamPark.jpg|thumb|A spring training game between the Cubs and White Sox at [[HoHoKam Park]]]] - -State Farm Stadium hosted the Final Four of the [[NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament]] in 2017 and is scheduled to host it again in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 16, 2018 |title=Arizona earns hosting duties for 2024 NCAA Tournament Final Four |url=https://arizonasports.com/story/1601570/arizona-final-four-hosting-2024-final-four-ncaa-tournament/ |website=Arizona Sports |access-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922042916/https://arizonasports.com/story/1601570/arizona-final-four-hosting-2024-final-four-ncaa-tournament/ |url-status=live }}</ref> - -====Baseball==== -Arizona is a popular location for [[Major League Baseball]] [[spring training]], as it is the site of the [[Cactus League]]. Spring training was first started in Arizona in 1947, when Brewers owner Veeck sold them in 1945 but went on to purchase the Cleveland Indians in 1946. He decided to train the Cleveland Indians in [[Tucson]] and convinced the New York Giants to give [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] a try. Thus, the Cactus League was born.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://azcentral.com/community/mesa/articles/2009/07/13/20090713mr-buckhorn0715ASF.html|title=Buckhorn Baths: A unique Mesa landmark|website=www.azcentral.com|access-date=December 7, 2019|archive-date=February 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210220145600/https://azcentral.com/community/mesa/articles/2009/07/13/20090713mr-buckhorn0715ASF.html|url-status=live}}</ref> - -On March 9, 1995, Arizona was awarded a franchise to begin to play for the 1998 season. A $130{{spaces}}million franchise fee was paid to Major League Baseball and on January 16, 1997, the Diamondbacks were officially voted into the National League. - -Since their debut, the Diamondbacks have won five National League West titles, two National League Championship pennants, and the [[2001 World Series]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jeff Munn |url=https://staatalent.com/client/jeff-munn/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=Sportscasters Talent Agency of America |language=en-US |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922043203/https://staatalent.com/client/jeff-munn/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>url=https://www.mlb.com/dbacks/press-release/press-release-arizona-diamondbacks-are-national-league-champions-advance-to-the-</ref> - -==Notable people== -{{main list|List of people from Arizona}} - -==See also== -{{portal|Arizona}} -* [[Outline of Arizona]] -* [[Index of Arizona-related articles]] -* [[USS Arizona|USS ''Arizona'']], 4 ships - -==Notes== -{{notelist}} - -==References== -{{Reflist}} - -==Further reading== -* Bayless, Betsy, 1998, ''Arizona Blue Book, 1997–1998''. Phoenix: Office of the Arizona Secretary of State. -* McIntyre, Allan J., 2008, ''The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta''. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ({{ISBN|978-0738556338}}). -* Miller, Tom (editor), 1986, ''Arizona: The Land and the People''. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ({{ISBN|978-0816510047}}). -* Officer, James E., 1987, ''Hispanic Arizona, 1536–1856''. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ({{ISBN|978-0816509812}}). -* Plascencia, Luis F.B. and Gloria H. Cuádraz (eds.), 2018, ''Mexican Workers and the Making of Arizona.'' Tucson: University of Arizona Press. -* Thomas, David M. (editor), 2003, ''Arizona Legislative Manual''. In [http://www.azleg.state.az.us/alispdfs/Council/legman2003.pdf ''Arizona''] Phoenix: Arizona Legislative Council. Google Print. Retrieved January 16, 2006. -* Trimble, Marshall, 1998, ''Arizona, A Cavalcade of History''. Tucson: Treasure Chest Publications. ({{ISBN|978-0918080431}}). -* Woosley, Anne I., 2008, [http://www.arcadiapublishing.com/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=PROD&Product_Code=9780738556468 ''Early Tucson''.] Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ({{ISBN|978-0738556468}}). - -==External links== -{{Sister project links|voy=Arizona|Arizona}} -* {{Official website}} -* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/arizona/index.html Arizona State Guide, from the Library of Congress] -* {{cite web |url=http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/map/map.asp?po=AZ |title=Arizona Regional Accounts Data |access-date=February 19, 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020819164839/http://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/regional/map/map.asp?po=AZ |archive-date=August 19, 2002 |url-status=dead}} -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030421010246/http://www.fedstats.gov/qf/states/04000.html Arizona Demographic Data from FedStats] -* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=04&StateName=Arizona Arizona USDA State Fact Sheet] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111102001204/http://arizonaindicators.org/ Arizona Indicators] -* [http://www.eia.gov/state/state-energy-profiles.cfm?sid=AZ Energy Data & Statistics for Arizona] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171109085739/http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Arizona Arizona State Databases] -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040626115848/http://www.lib.az.us/ Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records] -* {{Ballotpedia|Arizona|Arizona}} -* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Arizona}} -* {{osmrelation-inline|162018}} -* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030220022708/http://arizonaguide.com/ Official Arizona Office of Tourism] -* [http://www.azgfd.gov/ Arizona Game & Fish Department] -* [http://azstateparks.com/index.html Arizona State Parks] -* [http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/ National Park Service Travel Itinerary] - -{{s-start}} -{{s-bef|before=[[New Mexico]]}} -{{s-ttl|title=[[List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union]]|years=Admitted on February 14, 1912 (48th)}} -{{s-aft|after=[[Alaska]]}} -{{s-end}} -{{Adjacent communities -| Northwest = {{flag|Nevada}} -| North = {{flag|Utah}} -| Northeast = {{flag|Colorado}} -| East = {{flag|New Mexico}} -| Centre = {{flag|Arizona}}: {{hlist|[[Outline of Arizona|Outline]] | [[Index of Arizona-related articles|Index]] }} -| Southeast = -| South = {{flag|Sonora}}, {{flag|Mexico}} -| Southwest = {{flag|Baja California}}, {{flagu|Mexico}} -| West = {{flag|California}} -}} -{{Navboxes -|title = <span style="font-size:11pt;">Topics related to Arizona</span>{{break}}''The [[Grand Canyon]] State''; ''The Copper State'' -|list = -{{Arizona|expanded}} -{{Protected areas of Arizona}} -{{Western United States}} -{{New Spain}} -{{United States political divisions}} -|state=expanded}} - -{{Authority control}} - -{{coord|35|-112|dim:300000_region:US-AZ_type:adm1st|name=State of Arizona|display=title}} - -[[Category:1912 establishments in the United States]] -[[Category:Arizona| ]] -[[Category:Contiguous United States]] -[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]] -[[Category:States and territories established in 1912]] -[[Category:States of the United States]] -[[Category:Western United States]] +HOW TO WRITE A LITERARY ANALYSIS ESSAY +The purpose of a literary analysis essay is to carefully examine and sometimes evaluate a work of +literature or an aspect of a work of literature. As with any analysis, this requires you to break the +subject down into its component parts. Examining the different elements of a piece of literature is not +an end in itself but rather a process to help you better appreciate and understand the work of +literature as a whole. For instance, an analysis of a poem might deal with the different types of +images in a poem or with the relationship between the form and content of the work. If you were to +analyze (discuss and explain) a play, you might analyze the relationship between a subplot and the +main plot, or you might analyze the character flaw of the tragic hero by tracing how it is revealed +through the acts of the play. Analyzing a short story might include identifying a particular theme (like +the difficulty of making the transition from adolescence to adulthood) and showing how the writer +suggests that theme through the point of view from which the story is told; or you might also explain +how the main character‟s attitude toward women is revealed through his dialogue and/or actions. +REMEMBER: Writing is the sharpened, focused expression of thought and study. As you develop +your writing skills, you will also improve your perceptions and increase your critical abilities. Writing +ultimately boils down to the development of an idea. Your objective in writing a literary analysis essay +is to convince the person reading your essay that you have supported the idea you are developing. +Unlike ordinary conversation and classroom discussion, writing must stick with great +determination to the specific point of development. This kind of writing demands tight +organization and control. Therefore, your essay must have a central idea (thesis), it must have +several paragraphs that grow systematically out of the central idea, and everything in it must be +directly related to the central idea and must contribute to the reader’s understanding of that +central idea. These three principles are listed again below: +1. Your essay must cover the topic you are writing about. +2. Your essay must have a central idea (stated in your thesis) that +governs its development. +3. Your essay must be organized so that every part contributes +something to the reader’s understanding of the central idea. +THE ELEMENTS OF A SOLID ESSAY +The Thesis Statement +The thesis statement tells your reader what to expect: it is a restricted, precisely worded declarative +sentence that states the purpose of your essay -- the point you are trying to make. Without a +carefully conceived thesis, an essay has no chance of success. The following are thesis +statements which would work for a 500-750 word literary analysis essay: +Gwendolyn Brooks‟s 1960 poem “The Ballad of Rudolph Reed” demonstrates how the +poet uses the conventional poetic form of the ballad to treat the unconventional poetic +subject of racial intolerance. +The fate of the main characters in Antigone illustrates the danger of excessive pride. +The imagery in Dylan Thomas‟s poem “Fern Hill” reveals the ambiguity of humans‟ +relationship with nature. +Typically, the thesis statement falls at the end of your introductory paragraph. +2 +The Introduction +The introduction to your literary analysis essay should try to capture your reader‟s +interest. To bring immediate focus to your subject, you may want to use a quotation, a +provocative question, a brief anecdote, a startling statement, or a combination of these. +You may also want to include background information relevant to your thesis and +necessary for the reader to understand the position you are taking. In addition, you +need to include the title of the work of literature and name of the author. The +following are satisfactory introductory paragraphs which include appropriate thesis +statements: +A. What would one expect to be the personality of a man who has his wife +sent away to a convent (or perhaps has had her murdered) because she took too +much pleasure in the sunset and in a compliment paid to her by another man? It +is just such a man—a Renaissance duke—who Robert Browning portrays in his +poem “My Last Duchess.” A character analysis of the Duke reveals that through +his internal dialogue, his interpretation of earlier incidents, and his actions, his +traits—arrogance, jealousy, and greediness—emerge. +B. The first paragraph of Alberto Alvaro Rios‟s short story “The Secret Lion” +presents a twelve-year-old boy‟s view of growing up—everything changes. As +the narrator informs the reader, when the magician pulls a tablecloth out from +under a pile of dishes, children are amazed at the “stay-the-same part,” while +adults focus only on the tablecloth itself (42). Adults have the benefit of +experience and know the trick will work as long as the technique is correct. +When people “grow up,” they gain this experience and knowledge but lose their +innocence and sense of wonder. In other words, the price paid for growing up is +a permanent sense of loss. This tradeoff is central to “The Secret Lion.” The key +symbols in the story reinforce its main theme: change is inevitable and always +accompanied by a sense of loss. +C. The setting of John Updike‟s story “A & P” is crucial to the reader‟s +understanding of Sammy‟s decision to quit his job. Even though Sammy knows +that his quitting will make life more difficult for him, he instinctively insists upon +rejecting what the A & P represents in the story. When he rings up a “No Sale” +and “saunter[s]” out of the store, Sammy leaves behind not only a job but the +rigid state of mind associated with the A & P. Although Sammy is the central +character in the story, Updike seems to invest as much effort in describing the +setting as he does Sammy. The title, after all, is not “Youthful Rebellion” or +“Sammy Quits” but “A & P.” The setting is the antagonist of the story and plays a +role that is as important as Sammy‟s. +3 +The Body of the Essay and the Importance of Topic Sentences +The term regularly used for the development of the central idea of a literary analysis +essay is the body. In this section you present the paragraphs (at least 3 paragraphs +for a 500-750 word essay) that support your thesis statement. Good literary analysis +essays contain an explanation of your ideas and evidence from the text (short story, +poem, play) that supports those ideas. Textual evidence consists of summary, +paraphrase, specific details, and direct quotations. +Each paragraph should contain a topic sentence (usually the first sentence of the +paragraph) which states one of the topics associated with your thesis, combined with +some assertion about how the topic will support the central idea. The purpose of the +topic sentence is twofold: +1. To relate the details of the paragraph to your thesis + statement. +2. To tie the details of the paragraph together. +The substance of each of your developmental paragraphs (the body of your essay) +will be the explanations, summaries, paraphrases, specific details, and direct quotations +you need to support and develop the more general statement you have made in your +topic sentence. The following is the first developmental paragraph after one of the +introductory paragraphs (C) above: +TOPIC SENTENCE +EXPLANATIONS AND +TEXTUAL EVIDENCE +Sammy's descriptions of the A & P present a +setting that is ugly, monotonous, and rigidly +regulated. The chain store is a common fixture +in modern society, so the reader can identify +with the uniformity Sammy describes. The +fluorescent light is as blandly cool as the +"checkerboard green-and-cream rubber tile +floor" (486). The "usual traffic in the store +moves in one direction (except for the swim +suited girls, who move against it), and +everything is neatly organized and categorized +in tidy aisles. The dehumanizing routine of this +environment is suggested by Sammy's offhand +references to the typical shoppers as "sheep," +"house slaves," and "pigs” (486). These regular +customers seem to walk through the store in a +stupor; as Sammy indicates, not even dynamite +could move them out of their routine (485). +This paragraph is a strong one because it is developed through the use of quotations, +summary, details, and explanation to support the topic sentence. Notice how it relates +back to the thesis statement. +4 +The Conclusion +Your literary analysis essay should have a concluding paragraph that gives your essay +a sense of completeness and lets your readers know that they have come to the end of +your paper. Your concluding paragraph might restate the thesis in different words, +summarize the main points you have made, or make a relevant comment about the +literary work you are analyzing, but from a different perspective. Do not introduce a +new topic in your conclusion. Below is the concluding paragraph from the essay +already quoted above (A) about Browning's poem "My Last Duchess": +If the Duke has any redeeming qualities, they fail to appear in the poem. +Browning's emphasis on the Duke's traits of arrogance, jealousy, and materialism +make it apparent that anyone who might have known the Duke personally would +have based his opinion of him on these three personality "flaws." Ultimately, the +reader‟s opinion of the Duke is not a favorable one, and it is clear that Browning +intended that the reader feel this way. +The Title of Your Essay +It is essential that you give your essay a title that is descriptive of the approach you are +taking in your paper. Just as you did in your introductory paragraph, try to get the +reader's attention. Using only the title of the literary work you are examining is +unsatisfactory. The titles that follow are appropriate for the papers (A, B, C) discussed +above: +Robert Browning's Duke: A Portrayal of a Sinister Man +The A & P as a State of Mind +Theme in "The Secret Lion": The Struggle of Adolescence +Audience +Consider the reader for whom you are writing your essay. Imagine you are writing for +not only your professor but also the other students in your class who have about as +much education as you do. They have read the assigned work just as you have, but +perhaps they have not thought about it in exactly the same way. In other words, it is +not necessary to "retell" the work of literature in any way. Rather, it is your role to +be the explainer or interpreter of the work—to tell what certain elements of the work +mean in relation to your central idea (thesis). When you make references to the text of +the short story, poem, or play, you are doing so to remind your audience of something +they already know. The principle emphasis of your essay is to draw conclusions +and develop arguments. Be sure to avoid plot summary. +5 +USING TEXTUAL EVIDENCE +The skillful use of textual evidence -- summary, paraphrase, specific detail, and +direct quotations -- can illustrate and support the ideas you are developing in your +essay. However, textual evidence should be used judiciously and only when it directly +relates to your topic. The correct and effective use of textual evidence is vital to the +successful literary analysis essay. +Summary +If a key event or series of events in the literary work support a point you are trying to +make, you may want to include a brief summary, making sure that you show the +relevance of the event or events by explicitly connecting your summary to your point. +Below is an effective summary (with its relevance clearly pointed out) from the essay +already quoted above on "The Secret Lion" (B): +The boys find the grinding ball, but later attempt to bury it (SUMMARY). +Burying it is their futile attempt to make time stand still and to preserve +perfection (RELEVANCE). +Paraphrase +You can make use of paraphrase when you need the details of the original, but not +necessarily the words of the original: paraphrase to put someone else's words into your +own words. Below is an example (also from the paper on "The Secret Lion") of how to +"translate" original material into part of your own paper: +Original: "I was twelve and in junior high school and something happened +that we didn't have a name for, but it was nonetheless like a lion, +and roaring, roaring that way the biggest things do." +Paraphrase: Early in the story, the narrator tells us that when he turned twelve +and started junior high school, life changed in a significant way that +he and his friends could not quite name or identify. +Specific Detail +Various types of details from the text lend concrete support to the development of the +central idea of your literary analysis essay. These details add credibility to the point you +are developing. Below is a list of some of the details which could have been used in the +developmental paragraph from the paper on John Updike's short story "A & P" (see the +paragraph again for which details were used and how they were used). +"usual traffic" +"fluorescent lights" +"checkerboard green-and-cream rubber-tile floor" +"electric eye" +shoppers like "sheep," "house slaves," and "pigs" +neatly stacked food +dynamite +6 +Using Direct Quotations +Quotations can illuminate and support the ideas you are trying to develop. A judicious +use of quoted material will make your points clearer and more convincing. As with all +the textual evidence you use, make sure you explain how the evidence is +relevant—let the reader know why the quotes you cite are significant to your +argument. Below are guidelines and examples that should help you effectively use +quotations: +1. Brief quotations (four lines or fewer of prose and three lines or fewer of poetry) +should be carefully introduced and integrated into the text of your paper. Put +quotation marks around all briefly quoted material. +Prose example: +As the "manager" of the A & P, Lengel is both the guardian and enforcer of +"policy" (487). When he gives the girls "that sad Sunday-school-superintendent +stare," the reader becomes aware of Lengel‟s character as the A & P's version of +a dreary bureaucrat who "doesn't miss much" (487). Make sure you give page +numbers when necessary. Notice that in this example the page numbers +are in parenthesis after the quotation marks but before the period. +Poetry example: +4 +From the beginning, the Duke in Browning's poem gives the reader a sense of +how possessive he really is: "That's my last Duchess on the wall, / Looking as if +she were alive" (1-2). The reader cannot help but notice how, even though the +Duke is talking about her portrait, his main concern is that she belongs to him. +Notice that line # 1 is separated from line # 2 by a slash. Make sure you +give the line numbers when necessary. +2. Lengthy quotations should be separated from the text of your paper. More than +four lines of prose should be double spaced and indented ten spaces from the +left margin, with the right margin the same as the rest of your paper. More than +three lines of poetry should be double spaced and centered on the page. +Note: do not use quotation marks to set off these longer passages because +the indentation itself indicates that the material is quoted. +Prose example: +The first paragraph of "The Secret Lion" introduces the narrator as someone who +has just entered adolescence and is uncertain what to make of it: +I was twelve and in junior high school and something happened that we +didn't have a name for, but it was there nonetheless like a lion, and +roaring, roaring that way the biggest things do. Everything changed. Just +that. Like the rug, the one that gets pulled -- or better, like the tablecloth +those magicians pull where the stuff on the table stays the same but the +gasp! from the audience makes the staying-the-same part not matter. Like +that. (41-42) Make sure you give page numbers when necessary. +Notice in this example that the page numbers are in parenthesis after +the period of the last sentence. +7 +Poetry example: +The Duke seems to object to the fact that his "last Duchess" is not discriminating +enough about bestowing her affection. In the following lines, the Duke lists +examples of this "fault": +Sir, 'twas all one! My favor at her breast, +The dropping of the daylight in the west, +The bough of cherries some officious fool +Broke in the orchard for her, the white mule +She rode with round the terrace -- all and each +Would draw from her alike the approving speech. +(Browning 25-30) +Be sure to provide the line numbers. +3. If any words are added to a quotation in order to explain who or what the +quotation refers to, you must use brackets to distinguish your addition from the +original source. +Example: +The literary critic John Strauss asserts that "he [Young Goodman Brown] is +portrayed as self-righteous and disillusioned" (10). Brackets are used here +because there is no way of knowing who "he" is unless you add that +information. +Brackets are also used to change the grammatical structure of a quotation so +that it fits into your sentence. +Example: +Strauss also argues that Hawthorne "present[s] Young Goodman Brown in an +ambivalent light” (10). Brackets are used here to add the "s" to the verb +"present" because otherwise the sentence would not be grammatically +correct. +4. You must use ellipsis if you omit any words from the original source you are +quoting. Ellipsis can be used at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the +quotation, depending on where the missing words were originally. Ellipsis is +formed by either three or four periods with a space between each period. +Original: "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise." +Example (omission from beginning): +This behavior ". . . makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." Ellipsis formed +by three dots after the quotation marks. +8 +Example (omission from middle): +This maxim claims that "Early to bed . . . makes a man healthy, wealthy, and +wise." Ellipsis formed by three dots used in place of the words "and early +to rise." +Example (omission from end): +He said, "Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy . . . ." Ellipsis is +formed by four dots before the quotation marks -- the fourth dot is really a +period which ends the sentence. +5. Use a single line of spaced periods to indicate the omission of an entire line of +poetry. +Example: +The Duke seems to object to the fact that his "last Duchess" is not discriminating +enough about bestowing her affection: +She looked on, and her looks went everywhere. +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +The dropping of the daylight in the west, +The bough of cherries some officious fool +Broke in the orchard for her, while the white mule +She rode around the terrace -- like and each +Would draw from her alike the approving speech…. +(Browning 24-30) +9 +Punctuating Direct Quotations +You will be able to punctuate quoted materials accurately if you observe the following +conventions used in writing about literature: +1. When the quoted material is part of your own sentence, place periods and +commas inside the quotation marks. +Example: +According to the narrator of "The Secret Lion,” change was "like a lion," meaning +that its onset is sudden and ferocious. The comma is inside the quotation +marks. +2. When the quoted material is part of your own sentence, but you need to include a +parenthetical reference to page or line numbers, place the periods and commas +after the reference. +Example: +The narrator of "The Secret Lion" says that the change was "like a lion" (Rios 41). +The period is outside the quotation marks, after the parenthetical reference. +3. When the quoted material is part of your own sentence, punctuation marks other +than periods and commas, such as question marks, are placed outside the +quotation marks, unless they are part of the quoted material. +Example (not part of original): +Why does the narrator of "The Secret Lion" say that the change was "like a lion"? +The question mark is placed after the quotation marks because it does not +appear in the original -- it ends a question being asked about the story. +Example (part of original): +The Duke shows his indignation that the Duchess could like everyone and +everything when he says, "Sir, 'twas all one!" (Browning 25). The exclamation +point is placed inside the quotation marks because it appears in the +original. +4. When the original material you are quoting already has quotations marks (for +instance, dialog from a short story), you must use single quotation marks within +the double quotation marks. +Example: +Lengel tries to stop Sammy from quitting by saying, “„Sammy, you don't want to +do this to your Mom and Dad‟" (Updike 486). +10 '